#1
Which of the following is an essential characteristic of scientific inquiry in psychology?
Subjectivity
Anecdotal evidence
Empirical evidence
Intuition
#2
What is a hypothesis in the context of scientific inquiry?
A proven fact
An educated guess
A conclusion drawn from observation
A tentative explanation for a phenomenon
#3
What is the difference between correlation and causation?
Correlation indicates a relationship, while causation indicates a cause-effect relationship.
Correlation measures the strength of a relationship, while causation measures the direction of the relationship.
Correlation is only applicable in experimental research, while causation is applicable in observational research.
Correlation is quantitative, while causation is qualitative.
#4
What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?
To ensure that the experiment is conducted in a controlled environment.
To provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental group.
To manipulate the independent variable.
To eliminate extraneous variables.
#5
What is a quasi-experimental design?
A research design that involves manipulating an independent variable and measuring its effects on a dependent variable.
A research design that lacks control over extraneous variables.
A research design that involves random assignment of participants to different conditions.
A research design that lacks random assignment of participants to different conditions.
#6
What is the primary goal of descriptive research in psychology?
To establish cause-effect relationships
To describe and understand behavior
To manipulate variables
To generalize findings to the population
#7
In an experiment, what is the purpose of random assignment?
To ensure the researcher remains unbiased
To ensure the participants are unaware of the experimental conditions
To ensure that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any experimental group
To ensure the participants are representative of the population
#8
What is the term used to describe a measure that produces consistent results?
Validity
Reliability
Generalizability
Standardization
#9
Which of the following research methods is most appropriate for studying cause-and-effect relationships?
Case study
Naturalistic observation
Experimental research
Survey research
#10
What is the placebo effect?
The tendency of participants to act in accordance with the researcher's expectations
The phenomenon where participants in the control group experience changes due to their belief in receiving treatment
The influence of the experimental environment on participants' behavior
The tendency of researchers to interpret data in a way that confirms their beliefs
#11
Which of the following best describes the concept of operationalization?
Defining abstract concepts in concrete terms
Ensuring that research participants understand the study's purpose
Selecting a representative sample from the population
Analyzing data using statistical techniques
#12
Which statistical test is used to determine if there is a significant relationship between two variables?
Independent t-test
Chi-square test
Pearson correlation coefficient
ANOVA
#13
What is the purpose of peer review in scientific research?
To ensure that research findings are disseminated widely
To provide feedback and improve the quality of research
To select the most prestigious journals for publication
To increase the likelihood of receiving research funding
#14
Which ethical principle in research requires obtaining informed consent from participants?
Confidentiality
Deception
Voluntary participation
Beneficence
#15
What is the purpose of a null hypothesis in hypothesis testing?
To state the researcher's expectations regarding the outcome of the study
To provide a basis for comparing the observed results with what would be expected by chance
To summarize the main findings of the study
To establish the directionality of the relationship between variables
#16
What is the purpose of inferential statistics?
To summarize and describe data
To make predictions about future events
To determine the likelihood that the observed results are due to chance
To draw conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships