#1
Which of the following best defines the term 'hypothesis' in scientific inquiry?
A tentative explanation based on observation and reasoning.
A confirmed fact derived from experimentation.
A random guess without any basis.
A conclusion drawn from anecdotal evidence.
#2
Which research method involves observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without manipulating variables?
Experimental research
Correlational research
Case study
Naturalistic observation
#3
In the scientific method, which step typically comes after forming a hypothesis?
Designing the experiment
Collecting data
Analyzing results
Drawing conclusions
#4
In an experimental study, which variable is deliberately manipulated by the researcher?
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Control variable
Extraneous variable
#5
What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?
To provide a comparison for the experimental group.
To receive the treatment or manipulation.
To ensure the validity of the results.
To test the researcher's bias.
#6
What is a confounding variable in an experiment?
A variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher.
A variable that changes along with the independent variable and may affect the dependent variable.
A variable that remains constant throughout the experiment.
A variable that is irrelevant to the study.
#7
What is the primary purpose of peer review in scientific research?
To ensure that research findings are kept confidential.
To allow researchers to receive constructive criticism.
To assess the quality and validity of research before publication.
To prevent plagiarism in academic writing.
#8
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good scientific theory?
Falsifiability
Testability
Subjectivity
Predictability
#9
What is the purpose of replication in scientific research?
To provide researchers with an opportunity to correct any errors in their methodology.
To ensure that research findings are consistent and reliable.
To recruit a diverse sample of participants for a study.
To increase the generalizability of research findings.
#10
What is the purpose of operational definitions in psychological research?
To explain psychological phenomena in simple terms.
To provide a clear and measurable definition of variables.
To manipulate participants' behavior in experiments.
To analyze qualitative data.
#11
Which statistical measure indicates the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables?
Standard deviation
Mean
Correlation coefficient
T-test
#12
What is the purpose of random assignment in an experiment?
To ensure that the researcher's bias does not influence the results.
To assign participants to experimental and control groups based on predetermined criteria.
To eliminate individual differences between participants.
To increase the likelihood that experimental and control groups are equivalent at the start of the experiment.
#13
In a double-blind experiment, who is unaware of which participants are in the experimental and control groups?
Only the participants
Only the researchers
Both the participants and the researchers
Neither the participants nor the researchers