#1
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of viruses?
They contain both DNA and RNA
They are multicellular organisms
They can only replicate inside a host cell
They are larger than bacteria
#2
Which of the following is NOT a method of viral transmission?
Direct contact
Fomite transmission
Vector-borne transmission
Photosynthesis
#3
Which viral structure contains the viral genome?
Capsid
Envelope
Nucleocapsid
Spikes
#4
Which enzyme do retroviruses use to convert their RNA genome into DNA?
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
Reverse transcriptase
Ligase
#5
Which viral structure is responsible for the recognition and attachment to host cells?
Capsid
Envelope
Nucleocapsid
Spikes
#6
Which of the following is NOT a stage of the viral replication cycle?
Attachment
Translation
Penetration
Assembly
#7
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of enveloped viruses?
They lack a lipid membrane
They are resistant to detergents
They are more stable outside the host cell
They possess a lipid bilayer membrane
#8
Which of the following is a common mechanism used by viruses to evade the host immune response?
Rapid replication
Inhibition of apoptosis
Antigenic drift
Activation of interferon production
#9
Which of the following is a characteristic of lysogenic viral replication?
The virus remains dormant within the host cell
The virus immediately lyses the host cell upon entry
The virus releases virions continuously
The virus only infects specific cell types
#10
Which enzyme is responsible for cleaving precursor viral proteins into functional units?
Ligase
Helicase
Protease
Gyrase
#11
Which of the following is characteristic of a bacteriophage?
Infects only eukaryotic cells
Contains RNA as its genetic material
Has a protein coat called a capsid
Replicates via binary fission
#12
What is the term for the process by which a virus induces host cell death?
Apoptosis
Necrosis
Mitosis
Lysis
#13
Which of the following is a characteristic of RNA viruses?
They always have a DNA intermediate during replication
They have a high fidelity replication mechanism
They often exhibit rapid mutation rates
They are unable to infect animal cells
#14
Which of the following is a method used by viruses to enter host cells?
Direct injection of viral RNA
Endocytosis
Lysis of host cell membrane
Cell division
#15
Which of the following is a characteristic of DNA viruses?
They exclusively infect animal cells
They often replicate in the cytoplasm of host cells
They are usually enveloped viruses
They have relatively small genomes
#16
Which viral structure is involved in the delivery of the viral genome into the host cell during viral entry?
Capsid
Envelope
Nucleocapsid
Spikes
#17
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of retroviruses?
They replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of host cells
They possess a DNA genome
They can integrate their genome into the host cell's DNA
They are resistant to antiretroviral drugs
#18
What is the primary function of the capsid in a virus?
To protect the viral genome
To facilitate attachment to host cells
To produce viral enzymes
To regulate viral gene expression
#19
Which type of viral genome is directly translated into protein without needing to be transcribed into mRNA?
Single-stranded DNA
Double-stranded RNA
Positive-sense RNA
Negative-sense RNA
#20
Which viral protein mediates the fusion between the viral envelope and the host cell membrane during viral entry?
Reverse transcriptase
Integrase
Hemagglutinin
Fusion protein
#21
Which viral protein is responsible for the synthesis of viral RNA using the host cell's machinery?
Reverse transcriptase
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
Helicase
#22
Which viral enzyme integrates viral DNA into the host cell genome during the lysogenic cycle?
Reverse transcriptase
RNA polymerase
Integrase
Ligase
#23
Which of the following is a strategy used by viruses to evade the host immune response?
Upregulating host immune responses
Inducing host cell apoptosis
Reducing surface antigenicity
Promoting cytokine production
#24
Which viral protein is responsible for the release of newly assembled virions from the host cell?
Hemagglutinin
Neuraminidase
Integrase
Protease
#25
Which of the following is a method used by viruses to avoid recognition by the host immune system?
Downregulating host cell metabolism
Expressing viral antigens on the cell surface
Mimicking host cell receptors
Increasing MHC expression