#1
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of viruses?
They contain both DNA and RNA
They are multicellular organisms
They can only replicate inside a host cell
They are larger than bacteria
#2
Which of the following is NOT a method of viral transmission?
Direct contact
Fomite transmission
Vector-borne transmission
Photosynthesis
#3
Which viral structure contains the viral genome?
Capsid
Envelope
Nucleocapsid
Spikes
#4
Which enzyme do retroviruses use to convert their RNA genome into DNA?
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
Reverse transcriptase
Ligase
#5
Which viral structure is responsible for the recognition and attachment to host cells?
Capsid
Envelope
Nucleocapsid
Spikes
#6
Which of the following is NOT a stage of the viral replication cycle?
Attachment
Translation
Penetration
Assembly
#7
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of enveloped viruses?
They lack a lipid membrane
They are resistant to detergents
They are more stable outside the host cell
They possess a lipid bilayer membrane
#8
Which of the following is a common mechanism used by viruses to evade the host immune response?
Rapid replication
Inhibition of apoptosis
Antigenic drift
Activation of interferon production
#9
What is the primary function of the capsid in a virus?
To protect the viral genome
To facilitate attachment to host cells
To produce viral enzymes
To regulate viral gene expression
#10
Which type of viral genome is directly translated into protein without needing to be transcribed into mRNA?
Single-stranded DNA
Double-stranded RNA
Positive-sense RNA
Negative-sense RNA
#11
Which viral protein mediates the fusion between the viral envelope and the host cell membrane during viral entry?
Reverse transcriptase
Integrase
Hemagglutinin
Fusion protein
#12
Which viral protein is responsible for the synthesis of viral RNA using the host cell's machinery?
Reverse transcriptase
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
Helicase
#13
Which viral enzyme integrates viral DNA into the host cell genome during the lysogenic cycle?
Reverse transcriptase
RNA polymerase
Integrase
Ligase