#1
Which enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template during transcription?
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
Helicase
Ligase
#2
Which of the following is NOT a step in the viral replication cycle?
Transcription
Translation
Integration
Assembly
#3
Which of the following is NOT a type of viral genome?
Double-stranded RNA
Single-stranded DNA
Triple-stranded RNA
Double-stranded DNA
#4
What is the role of the viral capsid?
To protect the viral genome
To aid in viral attachment to host cells
To facilitate viral replication
To release viral enzymes
#5
Which of the following is a feature of the lytic cycle of viral replication?
Integration of viral genome into host DNA
Gradual release of viral particles from host cell
Death of host cell upon release of viral particles
Formation of viral DNA from host RNA
#6
Which cellular organelle is involved in protein synthesis during viral replication?
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome
Lysosome
#7
Which of the following is a characteristic of RNA viruses?
They replicate in the host cell nucleus
They have a DNA genome
They utilize reverse transcriptase for replication
They exhibit high fidelity replication
#8
What is the primary function of reverse transcriptase in retroviral replication?
It synthesizes DNA from RNA
It synthesizes RNA from DNA
It integrates viral DNA into the host genome
It assembles viral particles
#9
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which viruses can enter host cells?
Fusion with host cell membrane
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Direct injection of viral genome
#10
Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the double-stranded DNA during viral replication?
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
Helicase
Ligase
#11
What is a viroid?
A small infectious particle made of protein
A virus that infects bacteria
A short, circular single-stranded RNA molecule
A type of prion
#12
What is the primary function of protease during viral replication?
To transcribe viral RNA
To synthesize viral proteins
To cleave viral proteins into functional units
To integrate viral DNA into host genome
#13
What is the primary difference between positive-sense and negative-sense RNA viruses?
Positive-sense RNA viruses have RNA genomes that can be directly translated into proteins
Negative-sense RNA viruses have RNA genomes complementary to mRNA
Positive-sense RNA viruses replicate exclusively in the nucleus
Negative-sense RNA viruses lack a protein capsid
#14
What is a provirus?
An inactive form of a virus that has integrated its genome into the host cell genome
A virus that infects prokaryotic cells
A type of bacteriophage
A virus with a protein capsid
#15
What is the significance of the 5' cap and poly-A tail in eukaryotic mRNA?
They facilitate translation initiation
They protect mRNA from degradation
They signal the end of transcription
They promote splicing of introns
#16
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of retroviruses?
They have a single-stranded DNA genome
They replicate exclusively in host cell cytoplasm
They use reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA from RNA
They lack a protein capsid
#17
What is the role of the envelope in some viruses?
To protect the viral genome
To facilitate viral attachment to host cells
To release viral enzymes
To aid in viral replication
#18
Which of the following is a mechanism used by viruses to evade host immune responses?
Rapid host cell death upon infection
Upregulation of host immune cell activity
Expression of viral antigens on infected cell surfaces
Mutation of viral surface proteins
#19
What is a viroplasm?
A viral protein involved in host cell attachment
A cellular organelle where viral replication occurs
A specialized region in the host cell cytoplasm where viral components assemble
A protein capsid surrounding the viral genome