#1
Which of the following is not a method of viral entry into host cells?
Endocytosis
Fusion with host cell membrane
Exocytosis
Direct injection of genetic material
#2
Which of the following is not a category of infectious agents?
Bacteria
Fungi
Prions
Protozoa
#3
Which phase of the viral life cycle involves assembly of new viral particles?
Penetration
Replication
Assembly
Release
#4
Which of the following is an example of a DNA virus?
Influenza virus
Rhinovirus
Herpes simplex virus
Hepatitis C virus
#5
Which cellular organelle is often targeted by viruses for replication of their genetic material?
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
#6
Which of the following is a characteristic of a bacteriophage?
Infects eukaryotic cells
Contains a lipid envelope
Can only replicate through lytic cycle
Contains both DNA and RNA genome
#7
Which enzyme is essential for reverse transcription in retroviruses?
RNA polymerase
DNA polymerase
Reverse transcriptase
Ligase
#8
Which viral structure is primarily composed of protein and aids in attaching to host cells?
Capsid
Envelope
Nucleic acid
Tail fibers
#9
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a prion?
Contains genetic material
Capable of self-replication
Misfolded protein
Causes neurodegenerative diseases
#10
Which type of virus contains single-stranded RNA as its genetic material?
Retrovirus
Adenovirus
Herpesvirus
Orthomyxovirus
#11
Which of the following is not a method of viral exit from host cells?
Budding
Lysis
Exocytosis
Fusion with host cell membrane
#12
Which enzyme is responsible for cleaving precursor viral proteins into functional units during viral maturation?
Protease
Ligase
Helicase
Primase
#13
What is the main mechanism by which antiviral drugs target viruses?
Preventing viral attachment to host cells
Inhibiting viral replication
Enhancing host immune response
Inducing viral mutation
#14
What is the primary target of antiviral vaccines?
Viral attachment proteins
Host cell membrane
Viral replication enzymes
Host immune cells
#15
Which of the following is not a characteristic of an enveloped virus?
Presence of a lipid bilayer
Stability outside host cells
Derived from host cell membrane
Facilitates viral entry into host cells
#16
Which of the following is not a mechanism of antiviral drug resistance?
Decreased drug uptake
Increased drug efflux
Enhanced drug activation
Mutations in drug target
#17
Which type of viral genome allows for rapid adaptation to environmental changes?
Linear DNA
Circular RNA
Segmented RNA
Double-stranded DNA
#18
Which viral protein acts as a mediator between viral RNA and host cell ribosomes during translation?
Reverse transcriptase
RNA polymerase
Capsid protein
Viral RNA polymerase