#1
Which of the following is not a method of viral entry into host cells?
Exocytosis
ExplanationRelease of viruses from host cell, opposite of entry.
#2
Which of the following is not a category of infectious agents?
Protozoa
ExplanationSingle-celled eukaryotes, not viruses.
#3
Which phase of the viral life cycle involves assembly of new viral particles?
Assembly
ExplanationPutting together viral components.
#4
Which of the following is an example of a DNA virus?
Herpes simplex virus
ExplanationHerpesviridae family, causing cold sores.
#5
Which cellular organelle is often targeted by viruses for replication of their genetic material?
Nucleus
ExplanationHost's control center for genetic activities.
#6
Which of the following is a characteristic of a bacteriophage?
Can only replicate through lytic cycle
ExplanationDirect lysis of bacterial cells upon replication.
#7
Which enzyme is essential for reverse transcription in retroviruses?
Reverse transcriptase
ExplanationKey enzyme for converting viral RNA into DNA.
#8
Which viral structure is primarily composed of protein and aids in attaching to host cells?
Capsid
ExplanationOuter protein shell facilitating attachment.
#9
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a prion?
Contains genetic material
ExplanationLacks DNA or RNA, unusual infectious agent.
#10
Which type of virus contains single-stranded RNA as its genetic material?
Orthomyxovirus
ExplanationInfluenza viruses, causing seasonal flu.
#11
Which of the following is not a method of viral exit from host cells?
Fusion with host cell membrane
ExplanationInvolves viral entry, not exit.
#12
Which enzyme is responsible for cleaving precursor viral proteins into functional units during viral maturation?
Protease
ExplanationProcessing viral proteins for functionality.
#13
What is the main mechanism by which antiviral drugs target viruses?
Inhibiting viral replication
ExplanationPreventing viruses from multiplying.
#14
What is the primary target of antiviral vaccines?
Viral attachment proteins
ExplanationPreventing viruses from entering cells.
#15
Which of the following is not a characteristic of an enveloped virus?
Stability outside host cells
ExplanationEnvelopes sensitive to external conditions.
#16
Which of the following is not a mechanism of antiviral drug resistance?
Enhanced drug activation
ExplanationDrug efficacy unaffected by increased activation.
#17
Which type of viral genome allows for rapid adaptation to environmental changes?
Segmented RNA
ExplanationAllows shuffling of genetic segments for diversity.
#18
Which viral protein acts as a mediator between viral RNA and host cell ribosomes during translation?
Viral RNA polymerase
ExplanationTranslates viral RNA into protein in host cell.