#1
Which of the following is a characteristic of the lytic cycle in viral replication?
Integration of viral DNA into host genome
Gradual release of virions from the host cell
Lysis of the host cell to release new virions
Establishment of latency in the host cell
#2
What is the role of the viral envelope in the viral life cycle?
Protection of viral genetic material
Recognition of host cell receptors
Facilitation of viral genome replication
Formation of viral capsid
#3
Which stage of the viral life cycle involves the assembly of new viral particles?
Adsorption
Penetration
Maturation
Uncoating
#4
Which of the following is a characteristic of the burst size in the viral life cycle?
Number of viral particles released from a host cell
Time taken for viral replication
Size of viral genome
Duration of viral latency
#5
Which of the following is NOT a step in the viral life cycle?
Replication
Integration
Assembly
Release
#6
Which enzyme is essential for reverse transcription in retroviruses?
RNA polymerase
DNA polymerase
Reverse transcriptase
RNAase H
#7
What is the primary function of viral integrase during the life cycle of retroviruses?
Uncoating the viral capsid
Inserting viral DNA into the host genome
Synthesizing viral mRNA
Cleaving host cell surface receptors
#8
Which of the following is NOT a common method by which viruses evade the host immune response?
Antigenic variation
Suppression of host cell apoptosis
Inhibition of interferon production
Direct attack on host immune cells
#9
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the lysogenic cycle in bacteriophages?
Rapid host cell lysis
Integration of viral DNA into host chromosome
Production of new virions immediately after infection
Assembly of viral components in the host cytoplasm
#10
What is the primary function of viral neuraminidase?
Facilitating viral entry into host cells
Inhibiting host cell apoptosis
Destroying mucin layer on host cell surfaces
Preventing host cell membrane fusion
#11
Which type of viral genome is directly translated into proteins upon entry into the host cell?
Positive-sense RNA
Negative-sense RNA
Double-stranded RNA
Single-stranded DNA
#12
Which process involves the production of viral proteins using host cell machinery but without the formation of new viral particles?
Assembly
Release
Budding
Expression
#13
What is the function of viral protease during viral replication?
Cleaving viral RNA into smaller fragments
Facilitating viral attachment to host cell receptors
Cleaving viral polyproteins into functional proteins
Inhibiting host cell protein synthesis
#14
Which of the following is NOT a common mechanism by which viruses enter host cells?
Fusion with host cell membrane
Endocytosis
Direct injection of viral genome
Cell division
#15
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the eclipse phase in the viral life cycle?
Release of mature virions from the host cell
Attachment of viral particles to host cell receptors
Uncoating of viral nucleic acid
Absence of detectable viral components within the host cell
#16
What is the role of the viral polymerase in the viral life cycle?
Facilitating viral attachment to host cells
Uncoating viral nucleic acid
Replicating viral genome
Facilitating viral release from host cells