#1
Which psychologist is associated with classical conditioning?
Sigmund Freud
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
Ivan Pavlov
#2
What type of reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction
#3
Which psychologist is associated with the concept of operant conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
Sigmund Freud
B.F. Skinner
Jean Piaget
#4
What is a primary reinforcer?
A reinforcer that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
A reinforcer that satisfies a biological need
A reinforcer that is inherently reinforcing
A reinforcer that is only effective in certain situations
#5
Which psychologist proposed the concept of the hierarchy of needs?
B.F. Skinner
Abraham Maslow
Ivan Pavlov
Jean Piaget
#6
In operant conditioning, shaping involves:
Gradually reducing the frequency of a behavior
Gradually increasing the complexity of a behavior by rewarding closer approximations
Using punishment to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
Teaching a behavior by presenting a stimulus that elicits it naturally
#7
According to social learning theory, which of the following is not a necessary component for observational learning to occur?
Attention
Memory
Motivation
Physical ability
#8
What is the process by which previously extinguished behaviors reemerge following a delay?
Generalization
Spontaneous recovery
Discrimination
Operant conditioning
#9
According to Bandura's social learning theory, which of the following factors influences whether a behavior observed in others will be imitated?
The observer's cognitive abilities
The consequences of the behavior for the model
The observer's physical strength
The observer's age
#10
According to operant conditioning principles, which schedule of reinforcement results in the highest rate of response?
Variable ratio
Fixed ratio
Variable interval
Fixed interval
#11
What is the term for the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response when reinforcement is withheld?
Extinction
Generalization
Spontaneous recovery
Discrimination
#12
What is the term for the tendency for conditioned responses to be elicited by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus?
Generalization
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Discrimination
#13
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of rest?
Spontaneous recovery
Extinction
Generalization
Discrimination
#14
According to the Law of Effect, behaviors that are followed by ________ are strengthened, while behaviors that are followed by ________ are weakened.
Punishment; reinforcement
Reinforcement; punishment
Generalization; discrimination
Extinction; acquisition
#15
In classical conditioning, what term describes the situation where a conditioned response is elicited only by the conditioned stimulus, not similar stimuli?
Spontaneous recovery
Extinction
Generalization
Discrimination