#1
Which psychologist is best known for developing the principles of operant conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
Sigmund Freud
#2
What is the primary focus of operant conditioning?
Involuntary responses
Classical conditioning
Voluntary behaviors
Instinctual behaviors
#3
Which term refers to increasing the likelihood of a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction
#4
In operant conditioning, what does the term 'shaping' refer to?
Gradually increasing the difficulty of a task
Training a behavior by reinforcing successive approximations
Punishing unwanted behaviors
Pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
#5
What is the term for the process of decreasing the likelihood of a behavior by adding an aversive stimulus?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction
#6
Which reinforcement schedule is characterized by reinforcing a behavior after a set number of responses?
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
Fixed interval
Variable interval
#7
In operant conditioning, what is the term for the process of no longer reinforcing a previously reinforced behavior?
Extinction
Punishment
Discrimination
Generalization
#8
Which term refers to the gradual disappearance of a learned behavior when it is no longer reinforced?
Extinction
Punishment
Discrimination
Generalization
#9
What is the primary difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement adds a desirable stimulus; negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus.
Positive reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus; negative reinforcement adds a desirable stimulus.
Positive reinforcement involves punishment; negative reinforcement involves rewards.
Positive reinforcement occurs after a behavior; negative reinforcement occurs before a behavior.
#10
Which term describes the tendency for a behavior to occur in situations similar to the one in which it was reinforced?
Extinction
Punishment
Discrimination
Generalization
#11
Which of the following is an example of continuous reinforcement?
Giving a dog a treat every time it performs a trick
Ignoring a child's tantrum until it stops
Praising a student intermittently for good behavior
Scolding a teenager for breaking curfew once
#12
What is the term for the process of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior?
Generalization
Shaping
Discrimination
Extinction
#13
Which term describes the phenomenon where a behavior stops occurring because it is no longer followed by a reward or reinforcement?
Extinction
Punishment
Generalization
Discrimination
#14
In operant conditioning, what does the term 'token economy' refer to?
Using tokens as secondary reinforcers
Reinforcing behavior with tangible rewards
Reinforcing behavior with praise and acknowledgment
Exchanging tokens for primary reinforcers
#15
Which of the following schedules of reinforcement leads to the highest rate of response?
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
Fixed interval
Variable interval
#16
Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?
Receiving a bonus for good performance
Being scolded for misbehaving
Ignoring a child's tantrum
Allowing extra playtime for completing chores
#17
What is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
Food
Money
Water
Sexual satisfaction
#18
What is an example of negative punishment?
Giving a child a timeout for misbehaving
Praising a student for good grades
Giving a dog a treat for sitting on command
Allowing a teenager to stay out past curfew
#19
Which reinforcement schedule is characterized by reinforcing a behavior after an unpredictable number of responses?
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
Fixed interval
Variable interval
#20
In operant conditioning, what does the term 'chaining' refer to?
Breaking a behavior into smaller steps and reinforcing each step
Reinforcing a behavior only in specific circumstances
Reinforcing a behavior after a fixed number of responses
Reinforcing a behavior after an unpredictable number of responses
#21
What is an example of positive reinforcement?
Receiving a speeding ticket for driving too fast
Being yelled at for not cleaning your room
Getting a sticker for completing homework
Having your phone taken away for talking back
#22
Which term describes the process of selectively reinforcing behaviors that are closer and closer approximations to the desired behavior?
Shaping
Generalization
Extinction
Discrimination
#23
What is an example of negative reinforcement?
Receiving a reward for completing a task
Being praised for good behavior
Removing a loud noise by wearing earplugs
Giving a treat for obeying a command
#24
Which reinforcement schedule is characterized by reinforcing a behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed?
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
Fixed interval
Variable interval
#25
What is the term for the process of learning to respond differently to stimuli that are similar but not identical?
Shaping
Generalization
Extinction
Discrimination