#1
Which of the following best defines operant conditioning?
Learning by associating stimuli with responses
Learning by observing others
Learning by consequences of actions
Learning by reinforcement of involuntary reflexes
#2
Who is the psychologist famously associated with operant conditioning?
Sigmund Freud
B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Albert Bandura
#3
Which theorist introduced the concept of operant conditioning?
Albert Bandura
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
Jean Piaget
#4
What is the term for the process of responding to stimuli that are similar to a conditioned stimulus?
Generalization
Discrimination
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
#5
Who proposed the Law of Effect, which laid the groundwork for operant conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
Edward Thorndike
John B. Watson
#6
Who is often referred to as the 'father of operant conditioning'?
B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Edward Thorndike
John B. Watson
#7
Which term describes the process of adding something to the environment to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
#8
In operant conditioning, what does extinction refer to?
When a conditioned response no longer occurs
The sudden reappearance of a previously extinguished behavior
The strengthening of a behavior through reinforcement
The weakening of a behavior through lack of reinforcement
#9
What is the primary difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning involves voluntary behaviors, while operant conditioning involves involuntary behaviors.
Classical conditioning involves reinforcement, while operant conditioning involves punishment.
Classical conditioning involves learning through associations, while operant conditioning involves learning through consequences.
Classical conditioning involves learning by observing others, while operant conditioning involves learning by trial and error.
#10
Which reinforcement schedule is characterized by reinforcing a behavior after a specific, unpredictable number of responses?
Fixed-ratio schedule
Variable-ratio schedule
Fixed-interval schedule
Variable-interval schedule
#11
What is the term used for the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus?
Generalization
Discrimination
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
#12
Which type of reinforcement schedule involves reinforcing a behavior after a fixed number of responses?
Fixed-ratio schedule
Variable-ratio schedule
Fixed-interval schedule
Variable-interval schedule
#13
What term describes the process of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior?
Shaping
Chaining
Molding
Modeling
#14
In operant conditioning, what is the term for removing something aversive to increase the likelihood of a behavior?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
#15
What is the process called when a previously reinforced behavior decreases in frequency because it is no longer followed by reinforcement?
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
#16
In operant conditioning, what is the term for decreasing the frequency of a behavior by removing something desirable?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
#17
Which type of punishment involves presenting an aversive stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
#18
Which schedule of reinforcement is characterized by reinforcing a behavior only after a fixed amount of time has passed?
Fixed-ratio schedule
Variable-ratio schedule
Fixed-interval schedule
Variable-interval schedule