#1
What is one of the primary concepts associated with classical conditioning?
Positive reinforcement
Operant conditioning
Extinction
Association
#2
Who is best known for his work with operant conditioning involving pigeons and rats?
Sigmund Freud
Albert Bandura
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
#3
What type of reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated by removing an unpleasant stimulus?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction
#4
In the context of classical conditioning, what is the term for a response that occurs automatically, without prior learning?
Unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
Unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
#5
What is the term for the process of gradually reducing the strength or frequency of a conditioned response?
Acquisition
Discrimination
Extinction
Generalization
#6
In classical conditioning, what term refers to the initial stage of learning when a response to a neutral stimulus is established and gradually strengthened?
Generalization
Extinction
Acquisition
Discrimination
#7
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the process of learning to respond to a particular stimulus in a similar way to the way one responds to another stimulus?
Generalization
Discrimination
Extinction
Acquisition
#8
What is an example of positive punishment?
Giving a child a time-out
Taking away a teenager's phone
Giving a child a toy for good behavior
Praising a student for completing homework
#9
What is an example of operant conditioning?
A child crying to get attention
A dog salivating at the sound of a bell
A person feeling anxious in an elevator
A student studying for good grades
#10
What is an example of negative punishment?
Giving a child a time-out
Giving a child candy for good behavior
Taking away a teenager's driving privileges
Praising a student for completing homework
#11
According to the principles of operant conditioning, what is shaping?
Gradually reducing the frequency of a behavior
Reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior
Punishing a behavior to decrease its occurrence
Conditioning a response to occur in the presence of a specific stimulus
#12
What is the phenomenon in which a previously extinguished response reemerges following the presentation of the conditioned stimulus?
Spontaneous recovery
Stimulus generalization
Response discrimination
Latent learning
#13
What is a primary difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning involves voluntary responses, while operant conditioning involves involuntary responses.
Classical conditioning focuses on shaping behaviors through reinforcement, while operant conditioning focuses on forming associations between stimuli.
Classical conditioning involves associating involuntary responses with stimuli, while operant conditioning involves associating voluntary behaviors with consequences.
Classical conditioning occurs only in animals, while operant conditioning occurs only in humans.
#14
What term is used to describe the process of learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not immediately demonstrated by an overt response?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Latent learning
Observational learning