#1
What is one of the primary concepts associated with classical conditioning?
Association
ExplanationClassical conditioning involves the association of involuntary responses with stimuli.
#2
Who is best known for his work with operant conditioning involving pigeons and rats?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationB.F. Skinner is a key figure in operant conditioning research with animals.
#3
What type of reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated by removing an unpleasant stimulus?
Negative reinforcement
ExplanationNegative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to strengthen a behavior.
#4
In the context of classical conditioning, what is the term for a response that occurs automatically, without prior learning?
Unconditioned response
ExplanationAn unconditioned response is an automatic response without prior conditioning.
#5
What is the term for the process of gradually reducing the strength or frequency of a conditioned response?
Extinction
ExplanationExtinction involves reducing the strength or frequency of a conditioned response over time.
#6
In classical conditioning, what term refers to the initial stage of learning when a response to a neutral stimulus is established and gradually strengthened?
Acquisition
ExplanationAcquisition is the initial stage of classical conditioning when a response to a neutral stimulus is strengthened.
#7
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the process of learning to respond to a particular stimulus in a similar way to the way one responds to another stimulus?
Generalization
ExplanationGeneralization in classical conditioning is learning to respond to a new stimulus similarly to an existing one.
#8
What is an example of positive punishment?
Taking away a teenager's phone
ExplanationTaking away a phone is an example of positive punishment.
#9
What is an example of operant conditioning?
A student studying for good grades
ExplanationStudying for good grades is an example of operant conditioning.
#10
What is an example of negative punishment?
Taking away a teenager's driving privileges
ExplanationTaking away driving privileges is an example of negative punishment.
#11
According to the principles of operant conditioning, what is shaping?
Reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior
ExplanationShaping involves reinforcing behaviors progressively closer to the desired behavior.
#12
What is the phenomenon in which a previously extinguished response reemerges following the presentation of the conditioned stimulus?
Spontaneous recovery
ExplanationSpontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished response after exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
#13
What is a primary difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning involves associating involuntary responses with stimuli, while operant conditioning involves associating voluntary behaviors with consequences.
ExplanationClassical conditioning involves involuntary responses and stimuli, while operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors and consequences.
#14
What term is used to describe the process of learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not immediately demonstrated by an overt response?
Latent learning
ExplanationLatent learning involves learning without immediate reinforcement or overt response.