#1
In classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
The response that is naturally elicited by the conditioned stimulus (CS)
The neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the unconditioned response (UR)
The stimulus that naturally triggers a response
The response that is learned through association
#2
What is the concept in operant conditioning where a behavior is followed by a consequence that increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction
#3
Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?
Giving a child candy for completing homework
Taking away a privilege for misbehaving
Yelling at a dog for chewing on furniture
Ignoring a student who is talking out of turn
#4
What type of reinforcement schedule delivers reinforcement after a fixed number of responses?
Fixed-ratio schedule
Variable-ratio schedule
Fixed-interval schedule
Variable-interval schedule
#5
Who proposed the social learning theory, emphasizing the importance of observational learning and modeling?
Ivan Pavlov
John B. Watson
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
#6
What is the term for gradually reducing the frequency or intensity of a conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus?
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
#7
According to Bandura's social learning theory, what is the term for the process of learning through observing others' behaviors and the consequences of those behaviors?
Imitation
Observational learning
Modeling
Vicarious reinforcement
#8
Which of the following best describes the concept of shaping in operant conditioning?
Gradually reducing the frequency of a behavior by removing reinforcement
Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior
Punishing an undesired behavior to decrease its occurrence
Associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response
#9
In the context of classical conditioning, what does the term 'generalization' refer to?
The ability to distinguish between similar stimuli and respond differently to them
The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS)
The weakening of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is absent
The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest
#10
What is the term for the process of weakening a learned response by removing the reinforcement that follows the response?
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Discrimination
Generalization
#11
According to Bandura's social learning theory, what is the term for the expectation that a behavior will lead to a particular outcome?
Self-efficacy
Reinforcement expectancy
Observational learning
Vicarious reinforcement
#12
According to Bandura's social learning theory, what is the term for learning by observing the consequences of others' actions?
Imitation
Observational learning
Modeling
Vicarious reinforcement