#1
In classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
The response that occurs naturally
The response that is learned
The stimulus that triggers a response without prior learning
The stimulus that is paired with the conditioned stimulus
#2
Which psychologist is associated with the concept of 'operant conditioning'?
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
John B. Watson
Albert Bandura
#3
What is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
#4
What is the term for the process by which a response becomes more likely to occur because it is followed by a pleasant stimulus?
Negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction
#5
According to Thorndike's Law of Effect, which of the following statements is true?
Behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated
Behaviors followed by negative consequences are less likely to be repeated
Behaviors are shaped through the process of classical conditioning
Behaviors are influenced solely by genetic factors
#6
What is the term for the process of learning through the observation of others' behaviors and the consequences of those behaviors?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Social learning
Extinction
#7
What is the process of learning by which a behavior is more likely to recur as a result of the consequences it produces?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Social learning
Habituation
#8
What does the 'law of effect' propose?
Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior
Negative reinforcement weakens behavior
Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely
Behaviors followed by punishment become less likely
#9
What is an example of positive punishment?
Giving a child a candy for completing homework
Taking away a teenager's phone for breaking curfew
Verbal praise for good behavior
Adding extra chores for misbehaving
#10
What is the primary difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning involves voluntary behaviors, while operant conditioning involves involuntary behaviors.
Classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, while operant conditioning reinforces voluntary behaviors.
Classical conditioning strengthens behaviors through reinforcement, while operant conditioning weakens behaviors through punishment.
Classical conditioning is based on the law of effect, while operant conditioning is based on stimulus-response associations.
#11
In classical conditioning, what is extinction?
The weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus
The reinforcement of a conditioned response through repeated pairings of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
The process of generalizing a conditioned response to similar stimuli
The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time
#12
What is the term for the process of gradually shaping behavior by reinforcing closer and closer approximations to the desired behavior?
Discrimination
Generalization
Chaining
Successive approximation
#13
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
Receiving a bonus for excellent performance
Taking pain medication to alleviate discomfort
Adding extra chores as punishment for misbehavior
Being scolded for arriving late to work
#14
What is an example of a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?
Getting paid on an hourly basis
Receiving a paycheck every two weeks
Earning a free coffee after buying 10
Winning a prize after every third try
#15
According to the 'two-process theory' of avoidance learning, what are the two processes involved?
Positive and negative reinforcement
Classical and operant conditioning
Avoidance and punishment
Classical and instrumental conditioning
#16
What is the main premise of social learning theory?
Behaviors are influenced solely by reinforcement and punishment
Observational learning plays a crucial role in behavior acquisition
Genetic factors determine behavior more than environmental factors
Behaviors are primarily shaped through classical conditioning processes
#17
In Bandura's Bobo doll experiment, what did children who observed aggressive behavior toward the doll tend to do?
They were less likely to imitate the behavior
They were more likely to imitate the behavior
They showed no change in behavior
They were more likely to exhibit avoidance behavior