#1
In classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
The stimulus that triggers a response without prior learning
ExplanationUCS triggers an unlearned response.
#2
Which psychologist is associated with the concept of 'operant conditioning'?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationB.F. Skinner pioneered operant conditioning.
#3
What is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
Money
ExplanationSecondary reinforcer has value due to association.
#4
What is the term for the process by which a response becomes more likely to occur because it is followed by a pleasant stimulus?
Positive reinforcement
ExplanationStrengthening behavior by adding rewards.
#5
According to Thorndike's Law of Effect, which of the following statements is true?
Behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated
ExplanationPositive outcomes reinforce behaviors.
#6
What is the term for the process of learning through the observation of others' behaviors and the consequences of those behaviors?
Social learning
ExplanationLearning through observing others' actions and outcomes.
#7
What is the process of learning by which a behavior is more likely to recur as a result of the consequences it produces?
Operant conditioning
ExplanationBehavior strengthened by its consequences.
#8
What does the 'law of effect' propose?
Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely
ExplanationBehaviors followed by positive outcomes are reinforced.
#9
What is an example of positive punishment?
Adding extra chores for misbehaving
ExplanationPunishment by adding unpleasant consequence.
#10
What is the primary difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, while operant conditioning reinforces voluntary behaviors.
ExplanationCC associates stimuli, OC reinforces behaviors.
#11
In classical conditioning, what is extinction?
The weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus
ExplanationDiminishing conditioned response due to lack of association.
#12
What is the term for the process of gradually shaping behavior by reinforcing closer and closer approximations to the desired behavior?
Successive approximation
ExplanationReinforcing steps leading to desired behavior.
#13
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
Taking pain medication to alleviate discomfort
ExplanationRemoving unpleasant stimulus to reinforce behavior.
#14
What is an example of a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?
Earning a free coffee after buying 10
ExplanationReinforcement after a fixed number of responses.
#15
According to the 'two-process theory' of avoidance learning, what are the two processes involved?
Classical and operant conditioning
ExplanationInvolves classical and operant conditioning mechanisms.
#16
What is the main premise of social learning theory?
Observational learning plays a crucial role in behavior acquisition
ExplanationLearning through observation impacts behavior.
#17
In Bandura's Bobo doll experiment, what did children who observed aggressive behavior toward the doll tend to do?
They were more likely to imitate the behavior
ExplanationChildren imitated aggressive behavior observed.