#1
Who is considered the founder of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
Sigmund Freud
#2
In operant conditioning, what is reinforcement?
Adding something to decrease behavior
Adding something to increase behavior
Removing something to decrease behavior
Removing something to increase behavior
#3
What is a primary reinforcer?
A reinforcer that naturally satisfies a biological need
A reinforcer that is learned through association with other reinforcers
A reinforcer that is effective in all situations
A reinforcer that is only effective for certain individuals
#4
What is the concept of generalization in learning?
The process of learning to respond differently to similar stimuli
The process of responding to a stimulus as if it were the original conditioned stimulus
The process of responding only to the original conditioned stimulus
The process of losing a conditioned response over time
#5
What is the process of habituation?
The strengthening of a conditioned response through repeated pairings
The process of learning to respond differently to similar stimuli
The process of becoming less responsive to a stimulus after repeated exposure
The process of responding to a stimulus as if it were the original conditioned stimulus
#6
What does the 'stimulus' refer to in behavioral learning?
The response to the behavior
The consequence of the behavior
The environmental event that triggers a response
The learning outcome
#7
According to operant conditioning, what is shaping?
Gradually molding a desired behavior by reinforcing successive approximations
Reinforcing a behavior only part of the time
Presenting a conditioned stimulus without an unconditioned stimulus
Pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
#8
What is the main focus of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)?
Exploring unconscious conflicts
Changing maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors
Examining childhood experiences
Analyzing dreams
#9
In the context of classical conditioning, what is extinction?
The sudden reappearance of a previously extinguished response
The process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
The weakening of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus
The strengthening of a conditioned response through repeated pairings
#10
What is the Law of Effect, proposed by Edward Thorndike?
Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Behaviors are primarily driven by unconscious conflicts
Behaviors are shaped by reinforcement schedules
Behaviors are learned through observation and imitation
#11
In classical conditioning, what is a conditioned response (CR)?
The original, unlearned response to a stimulus
The response elicited by a conditioned stimulus after learning
The reinforcement of a behavior after a specific number of responses
The weakening of a conditioned response over time
#12
Which psychologist is associated with the social learning theory, emphasizing observational learning?
B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Albert Bandura
John B. Watson
#13
According to Bandura's social cognitive theory, what is self-efficacy?
The belief in one's ability to perform behaviors that will produce desired outcomes
The reinforcement of a behavior after a specific number of responses
The tendency to imitate the behaviors of others
The process of learning by observing the consequences of others' actions
#14
What is the process of encoding in memory?
The initial learning of information
The retention of encoded information over time
The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored
The process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory
#15
Which term describes the tendency for behaviors to occur in the presence of a specific stimulus that was present during learning?
Discrimination
Generalization
Spontaneous recovery
Extinction
#16
What is the process of shaping in behavioral learning?
Reinforcing a behavior only part of the time
Gradually molding a desired behavior by reinforcing successive approximations
Presenting a conditioned stimulus without an unconditioned stimulus
Pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
#17
What is a limitation of classical conditioning in explaining complex human behavior?
It cannot account for voluntary behaviors
It relies too heavily on unconscious processes
It cannot explain behaviors that are not biologically adaptive
It overlooks the role of cognition and consciousness