#1
Which theorist is associated with classical conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
Ivan Pavlov
Jean Piaget
#2
What is the primary focus of behaviorism in psychology?
Unconscious desires and conflicts
Cognitive processes and mental states
Observable behaviors and their environmental influences
Humanistic principles
#3
In classical conditioning, what is the neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response?
Conditioned stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus
Discriminative stimulus
Operant stimulus
#4
In social cognitive theory, what is the term for learning by watching others and imitating their actions?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Observational learning
Extinction
#5
According to operant conditioning, what is a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement?
Reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of responses
Reinforcement is provided after a variable number of responses
Reinforcement is provided at irregular intervals
Reinforcement is provided continuously
#6
In operant conditioning, what is reinforcement?
Punishment
Anything that weakens a behavior
Anything that strengthens a behavior
Extinction
#7
Which of the following is an example of observational learning?
A child being praised for good grades
A rat receiving a food pellet for pressing a lever
A monkey imitating a researcher's actions
A dog salivating at the sound of a bell
#8
In classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned response (UCR)?
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus
The original, unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus
The consequence that follows a behavior
The reinforcement provided after a desired behavior
#9
What is the concept of generalization in the context of behavioral learning?
The process of associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
The tendency to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus
The reinforcement of a behavior through positive consequences
The weakening of a conditioned response over time
#10
In the context of behaviorism, what is the concept of shaping?
The process of refining and strengthening a behavior through reinforcement of successive approximations
The rapid acquisition of a conditioned response
The process of extinguishing a conditioned response
The reinforcement of any behavior, regardless of its relevance
#11
Which type of reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to strengthen a behavior?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction
#12
What is the Law of Effect, proposed by Edward Thorndike?
Behaviors that are followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by negative consequences are less likely to be repeated
Behaviors are shaped through reinforcement of successive approximations
Observational learning is the primary mechanism for behavior acquisition
Learning occurs through a process of classical conditioning
#13
What is the process of shaping in operant conditioning?
Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior
Punishing unwanted behavior
Eliminating a conditioned response
Introducing a new behavior through classical conditioning
#14
According to social cognitive theory, what is self-efficacy?
The belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish tasks
The reinforcement schedule in operant conditioning
The process of extinction in classical conditioning
The tendency to generalize a response from one stimulus to another
#15
According to behaviorist perspectives, what role do emotions play in learning?
Emotions have no impact on learning
They are the primary drivers of learning
They can influence behavior and learning
They are only relevant in classical conditioning
#16
What is the term for the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus?
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Discrimination
Habituation
#17
According to Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, what is reciprocal determinism?
The idea that behavior, personal factors, and the environment interact and influence each other
The reinforcement of behaviors that are similar to the original behavior
The process of observational learning
The weakening of a conditioned response over time
#18
What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest or non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus?
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
Habituation
#19
According to operant conditioning, what is a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?
Reinforcement is provided after a variable number of responses
Reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of responses
Reinforcement is provided at irregular intervals
Reinforcement is provided continuously