#1
Which theorist is associated with classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationPavlov's experiments with dogs demonstrated classical conditioning.
#2
What is the primary focus of behaviorism in psychology?
Observable behaviors and their environmental influences
ExplanationBehaviorism emphasizes observable actions rather than mental processes.
#3
In classical conditioning, what is the neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response?
Conditioned stimulus
ExplanationThe CS triggers a conditioned response after being paired with the UCS.
#4
In social cognitive theory, what is the term for learning by watching others and imitating their actions?
Observational learning
ExplanationObservational learning involves acquiring new behaviors by observing others.
#5
According to operant conditioning, what is a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement?
Reinforcement is provided at irregular intervals
ExplanationIn a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement occurs unpredictably over time.
#6
In operant conditioning, what is reinforcement?
Anything that strengthens a behavior
ExplanationReinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
#7
Which of the following is an example of observational learning?
A monkey imitating a researcher's actions
ExplanationObservational learning involves acquiring new behaviors by watching others.
#8
In classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned response (UCR)?
The original, unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus
ExplanationThe UCR occurs naturally in response to the UCS.
#9
What is the concept of generalization in the context of behavioral learning?
The tendency to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus
ExplanationGeneralization occurs when similar stimuli elicit the same response as the conditioned stimulus.
#10
In the context of behaviorism, what is the concept of shaping?
The process of refining and strengthening a behavior through reinforcement of successive approximations
ExplanationShaping involves reinforcing behaviors that are closer to the desired behavior over time.
#11
Which type of reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to strengthen a behavior?
Negative reinforcement
ExplanationNegative reinforcement involves removing aversive stimuli to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
#12
What is the Law of Effect, proposed by Edward Thorndike?
Behaviors that are followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by negative consequences are less likely to be repeated
ExplanationThe Law of Effect explains how consequences influence the likelihood of behaviors being repeated.
#13
What is the process of shaping in operant conditioning?
Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior
ExplanationShaping involves rewarding behaviors that are closer to the desired behavior.
#14
According to social cognitive theory, what is self-efficacy?
The belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish tasks
ExplanationSelf-efficacy influences motivation and behavior.
#15
According to behaviorist perspectives, what role do emotions play in learning?
They can influence behavior and learning
ExplanationEmotions can affect how individuals respond to stimuli and learn.
#16
What is the term for the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus?
Extinction
ExplanationExtinction occurs when the conditioned response diminishes due to lack of reinforcement.
#17
According to Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, what is reciprocal determinism?
The idea that behavior, personal factors, and the environment interact and influence each other
ExplanationReciprocal determinism highlights the bidirectional relationship between behavior, personal factors, and the environment.
#18
What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest or non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus?
Spontaneous recovery
ExplanationSpontaneous recovery occurs when the conditioned response reappears after a period of rest.
#19
According to operant conditioning, what is a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?
Reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of responses
ExplanationIn a fixed-ratio schedule, reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses.