#1
Who is considered the founder of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationPavlov demonstrated how associations between stimuli could lead to learned responses.
#2
In operant conditioning, what is reinforcement?
Adding something to increase behavior
ExplanationReinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring by presenting a favorable stimulus.
#3
What is a primary reinforcer?
A reinforcer that naturally satisfies a biological need
ExplanationPrimary reinforcers are inherently rewarding due to their biological significance.
#4
What is the concept of generalization in learning?
The process of responding to a stimulus as if it were the original conditioned stimulus
ExplanationGeneralization occurs when stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus elicit the conditioned response.
#5
What is the process of habituation?
The process of becoming less responsive to a stimulus after repeated exposure
ExplanationHabituation is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure, when the stimulus is neither harmful nor rewarding.
#6
What does the 'stimulus' refer to in behavioral learning?
The environmental event that triggers a response
ExplanationStimulus is any object or event that elicits a response in an organism.
#7
According to operant conditioning, what is shaping?
Gradually molding a desired behavior by reinforcing successive approximations
ExplanationShaping involves reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior.
#8
What is the main focus of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)?
Changing maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors
ExplanationCBT focuses on identifying and modifying unhealthy thoughts and behaviors.
#9
In the context of classical conditioning, what is extinction?
The weakening of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus
ExplanationExtinction occurs when a conditioned response decreases or disappears due to lack of reinforcement.
#10
What is the Law of Effect, proposed by Edward Thorndike?
Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
ExplanationThe Law of Effect states that the consequences of a behavior determine its likelihood of being repeated.
#11
In classical conditioning, what is a conditioned response (CR)?
The response elicited by a conditioned stimulus after learning
ExplanationA conditioned response is a learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus.
#12
Which psychologist is associated with the social learning theory, emphasizing observational learning?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationBandura's work emphasized the importance of observational learning and modeling.
#13
According to Bandura's social cognitive theory, what is self-efficacy?
The belief in one's ability to perform behaviors that will produce desired outcomes
ExplanationSelf-efficacy influences the choices individuals make and their perseverance in the face of obstacles.
#14
What is the process of encoding in memory?
The process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory
ExplanationEncoding involves converting sensory information into a form that the brain can use and store.
#15
Which term describes the tendency for behaviors to occur in the presence of a specific stimulus that was present during learning?
Discrimination
ExplanationDiscrimination involves responding differently to similar stimuli based on their association with reinforcement.
#16
What is the process of shaping in behavioral learning?
Gradually molding a desired behavior by reinforcing successive approximations
ExplanationShaping involves reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior.
#17
What is a limitation of classical conditioning in explaining complex human behavior?
It overlooks the role of cognition and consciousness
ExplanationClassical conditioning fails to account for the influence of cognitive factors on behavior.