#1
Which term describes the discomfort or tension that arises when a person's beliefs or behaviors conflict with each other?
Confirmation bias
Cognitive dissonance
Operant conditioning
Social loafing
#2
Who developed the theory of cognitive dissonance?
B. F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
Leon Festinger
Jean Piaget
#3
What role does selective exposure play in cognitive dissonance theory?
It refers to the tendency to seek out information that confirms existing beliefs.
It refers to the tendency to avoid information that conflicts with existing beliefs.
It refers to the tendency to alter beliefs to align with new information.
It refers to the tendency to ignore dissonance altogether.
#4
Which cognitive dissonance strategy involves adding new cognitions that support existing beliefs or behaviors?
Dissonance reduction
Self-affirmation
Cognitive reevaluation
Selective exposure
#5
According to Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory, what is the term for when people change their behavior to align with their beliefs or attitudes?
Conformity
Self-justification
Dissonance reduction
Effort justification
#6
What is the term for the cognitive process of explaining away contradictions between one's beliefs or attitudes and their behavior?
Effort justification
Rationalization
Selective exposure
Self-perception
#7
Which of the following is NOT a way people commonly resolve cognitive dissonance?
Changing beliefs
Ignoring the conflict
Seeking out new information
Reaffirming existing beliefs
#8
Which psychological theory suggests that individuals are motivated to reduce dissonance by changing their attitudes or beliefs?
Elaboration likelihood model
Self-perception theory
Balance theory
Attribution theory
#9
In the context of cognitive dissonance, what is 'effort justification'?
The act of justifying an action by attributing it to external factors
The tendency to place greater value on goals that require significant effort to achieve
The reduction of dissonance by convincing oneself that the effort invested in an activity was worthwhile
The process of reducing dissonance by altering one's perception of the involved effort
#10
Which of the following is an example of post-decision dissonance?
Feeling uncertain about which college to attend after receiving acceptance letters
Feeling regret after purchasing a car and learning about a better deal elsewhere
Feeling anxious about choosing a career path after completing a degree
Feeling relieved after making a decision, regardless of its outcome
#11
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the magnitude of cognitive dissonance?
The importance of the decision
The individual's level of self-esteem
The extent to which the decision is irreversible
The social support available to the individual
#12
Which theory suggests that people reduce cognitive dissonance by convincing themselves that the actions they took were the most logical and reasonable ones?
Attribution theory
Balance theory
Self-perception theory
Elaboration likelihood model
#13
In Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory, what is the term for the act of changing one's attitudes or beliefs to align with one's actions?
Social facilitation
Conformity
Self-justification
Dissonance reduction
#14
According to cognitive dissonance theory, which of the following scenarios is likely to produce the greatest dissonance?
A person holds a strong belief that smoking is harmful but occasionally smokes socially.
A person holds a weak belief that smoking is harmful and frequently smokes.
A person holds a strong belief that smoking is not harmful and frequently smokes.
A person holds a weak belief that smoking is not harmful but rarely smokes.
#15
In Festinger's study on cognitive dissonance, what task did participants perform that induced dissonance?
Solving complex mathematical equations
Repeating boring and monotonous tasks
Delivering electric shocks to others
Reading aloud passages with conflicting messages
#16
Which term describes the phenomenon where individuals are more likely to believe in a chosen option after making a decision, despite conflicting evidence?
Confirmation bias
Choice-supportive bias
Cognitive consonance
Rationalization
#17
What role does cognitive dissonance play in the process of rationalization?
It encourages individuals to weigh the pros and cons of their decisions.
It helps individuals accept their decisions by minimizing the importance of conflicting information.
It prompts individuals to seek additional information to resolve conflicting beliefs.
It motivates individuals to ignore conflicting information altogether.
#18
According to cognitive dissonance theory, which factor would increase the likelihood of post-decision dissonance?
Having limited alternative options
Feeling confident in the decision-making process
Experiencing social pressure to make the decision
Perceiving the decision as reversible