#1
Which term describes the discomfort or tension that arises when a person's beliefs or behaviors conflict with each other?
Cognitive dissonance
ExplanationPsychological discomfort resulting from conflicting beliefs or behaviors.
#2
Who developed the theory of cognitive dissonance?
Leon Festinger
ExplanationTheory originated by psychologist Leon Festinger.
#3
What role does selective exposure play in cognitive dissonance theory?
It refers to the tendency to seek out information that confirms existing beliefs.
ExplanationPreferring information that supports current beliefs.
#4
Which cognitive dissonance strategy involves adding new cognitions that support existing beliefs or behaviors?
Self-affirmation
ExplanationReinforcing existing beliefs by adding supportive thoughts.
#5
According to Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory, what is the term for when people change their behavior to align with their beliefs or attitudes?
Conformity
ExplanationAdjusting behavior to match beliefs or attitudes.
#6
What is the term for the cognitive process of explaining away contradictions between one's beliefs or attitudes and their behavior?
Rationalization
ExplanationExplaining contradictions to justify behavior or decisions.
#7
Which of the following is NOT a way people commonly resolve cognitive dissonance?
Ignoring the conflict
ExplanationNot addressing or acknowledging the conflicting beliefs or behaviors.
#8
Which psychological theory suggests that individuals are motivated to reduce dissonance by changing their attitudes or beliefs?
Self-perception theory
ExplanationPeople adjust attitudes based on their own behavior.
#9
In the context of cognitive dissonance, what is 'effort justification'?
The reduction of dissonance by convincing oneself that the effort invested in an activity was worthwhile
ExplanationReducing discomfort by justifying the effort put into an activity.
#10
Which of the following is an example of post-decision dissonance?
Feeling regret after purchasing a car and learning about a better deal elsewhere
ExplanationDiscomfort experienced after making a decision and learning of alternatives.
#11
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the magnitude of cognitive dissonance?
The social support available to the individual
ExplanationSocial support does not directly affect cognitive dissonance.
#12
Which theory suggests that people reduce cognitive dissonance by convincing themselves that the actions they took were the most logical and reasonable ones?
Attribution theory
ExplanationExplaining actions as logical and reasonable to reduce dissonance.
#13
In Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory, what is the term for the act of changing one's attitudes or beliefs to align with one's actions?
Self-justification
ExplanationAligning attitudes with one's behavior.
#14
According to cognitive dissonance theory, which of the following scenarios is likely to produce the greatest dissonance?
A person holds a strong belief that smoking is harmful but occasionally smokes socially.
ExplanationEngaging in behavior conflicting with a strong belief.
#15
In Festinger's study on cognitive dissonance, what task did participants perform that induced dissonance?
Reading aloud passages with conflicting messages
ExplanationCreating dissonance through conflicting messages.
#16
Which term describes the phenomenon where individuals are more likely to believe in a chosen option after making a decision, despite conflicting evidence?
Choice-supportive bias
ExplanationTendency to favor chosen options after making a decision.
#17
What role does cognitive dissonance play in the process of rationalization?
It helps individuals accept their decisions by minimizing the importance of conflicting information.
ExplanationMinimizing conflicting information to justify decisions.
#18
According to cognitive dissonance theory, which factor would increase the likelihood of post-decision dissonance?
Experiencing social pressure to make the decision
ExplanationSocial pressure increases post-decision discomfort.