#1
Which term best describes the discomfort experienced when an individual holds conflicting beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors?
Cognitive consistency
Cognitive dissonance
Cognitive equilibrium
Cognitive congruence
#2
Who proposed the theory of cognitive dissonance?
Albert Bandura
Leon Festinger
Jean Piaget
Carl Rogers
#3
Which of the following statements best defines cognitive dissonance?
The discomfort experienced when a person holds conflicting beliefs or attitudes.
The tendency to perceive information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs.
The process of changing one's behavior to align with the behavior of others.
The phenomenon of attributing one's own unacceptable feelings or impulses to another person.
#4
What is the term for the process of reducing cognitive dissonance by seeking out information that supports one's existing beliefs and avoiding information that contradicts them?
Confirmation bias
Selective exposure
Cognitive restructuring
Rationalization
#5
Which of the following is NOT a way individuals reduce cognitive dissonance?
Changing their attitudes
Seeking new information
Downplaying the importance of the conflict
Seeking social support
#6
Which psychological term describes the phenomenon where individuals seek out information that aligns with their existing beliefs?
Confirmation bias
Cognitive bias
Cognitive dissonance
Selective exposure
#7
In the context of cognitive dissonance, what is the term used to describe the tendency to change one's beliefs or behaviors in order to justify past actions or decisions?
Rationalization
Justification
Conformity
Adaptation
#8
Which of the following scenarios is most likely to lead to cognitive dissonance?
A person holding two entirely unrelated beliefs
A person's beliefs being consistent with their actions
A person's actions being consistent with societal norms
A person's behavior conflicting with their deeply held beliefs
#9
In the context of cognitive dissonance, what term refers to the act of avoiding information or situations that are likely to increase dissonance?
Avoidance behavior
Dissonance reduction
Information distortion
Selective exposure
#10
Which of the following best describes the role of attitude consistency in cognitive dissonance theory?
Attitude consistency is the cause of cognitive dissonance.
Attitude consistency is the result of cognitive dissonance.
Attitude consistency is unrelated to cognitive dissonance.
Attitude consistency moderates the effects of cognitive dissonance.
#11
Which of the following is an example of cognitive dissonance reduction through changing attitudes?
A person deciding to ignore conflicting information.
A person justifying their actions to align with their beliefs.
A person seeking out like-minded individuals.
A person avoiding situations that create discomfort.
#12
According to the theory of cognitive dissonance, which of the following is likely to produce the greatest attitude change?
A small reward for expressing a favorable attitude
A large reward for expressing a favorable attitude
A small reward for expressing an unfavorable attitude
A large reward for expressing an unfavorable attitude
#13
What term describes the process of altering perceptions of reality to reduce the discomfort of cognitive dissonance?
Selective perception
Cognitive restructuring
Cognitive adaptation
Perceptual distortion
#14
According to cognitive dissonance theory, what happens when individuals are forced to publicly advocate for something they privately disagree with?
They experience less dissonance
They experience increased dissonance
They remain unaffected by dissonance
Dissonance only occurs if the belief is deeply held
#15
Which theory suggests that people adjust their attitudes after making difficult decisions to reduce the cognitive dissonance caused by choosing between equally desirable options?
Self-perception theory
Free-choice paradigm
Attribution theory
Elaboration likelihood model
#16
What term describes the tendency to perceive one's opinions as more prevalent or accurate than they actually are?
False consensus effect
Social desirability bias
Confirmation bias
Selective exposure
#17
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the magnitude of cognitive dissonance?
The importance of the decision
The perceived choice
The individual's level of self-esteem
The presence of external justifications
#18
According to Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory, what is the primary motivation for reducing cognitive dissonance?
To maintain self-esteem
To align with societal norms
To seek internal consistency
To gain social approval