#1
In classical conditioning, what is the term used to describe the process of neutral stimuli becoming associated with a conditioned response?
Operant conditioning
Acquisition
Extinction
Generalization
#2
Which psychologist is famous for the experiment involving a dog and classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
John B. Watson
#3
What is the term for the process of learning by observing others' behaviors and the consequences of those behaviors?
Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
Social learning
Extinction
#4
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
Taking away a privilege
Giving a reward
Ignoring a behavior
Administering an electric shock
#5
Which of the following is an example of punishment in operant conditioning?
Giving a reward
Ignoring a behavior
Taking away a privilege
Administering an electric shock
#6
What is the term for the process of learning to respond only to a specific stimulus and not to other similar stimuli?
Generalization
Discrimination
Extinction
Acquisition
#7
What is the term for the process of gradually weakening a response by ignoring it or making it unrewarding?
Extinction
Generalization
Discrimination
Acquisition
#8
Which type of reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
#9
What is the term for the process of reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs?
Fixed-ratio reinforcement
Variable-ratio reinforcement
Continuous reinforcement
Intermittent reinforcement
#10
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the previously neutral stimulus that eventually triggers a conditioned response?
Unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
Neutral stimulus
Unconditioned response
#11
In operant conditioning, what is reinforcement?
The weakening or suppression of a response
A process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows
The addition of something unpleasant
The removal of something pleasant
#12
Which of the following schedules of reinforcement results in the highest rate of response?
Fixed-interval
Variable-interval
Fixed-ratio
Variable-ratio
#13
According to operant conditioning principles, what is shaping?
The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response
The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus
The process of learning to respond only to a specific stimulus and not to other similar stimuli
#14
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
Receiving a pay raise
Getting a speeding ticket
Taking painkillers to alleviate a headache
Being scolded by a teacher
#15
Which reinforcement schedule involves reinforcing a response only after a specified number of responses?
Fixed-ratio
Variable-ratio
Fixed-interval
Variable-interval
#16
What is the term for the process of the conditioned response recurring after a time delay without additional conditioning?
Spontaneous recovery
Stimulus generalization
Stimulus discrimination
Higher-order conditioning
#17
What is the term for the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus?
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
#18
Which reinforcement schedule involves reinforcing a response at unpredictable time intervals?
Fixed-ratio
Variable-ratio
Fixed-interval
Variable-interval
#19
What is the term for the strengthening of a response through the introduction of a pleasurable stimulus?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
#20
According to operant conditioning, what is the process of decreasing the frequency of a behavior through the removal of a pleasant stimulus?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
#21
What is the term for the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus?
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
#22
What is the term for the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction?
Variable-interval effect
Partial reinforcement effect
Fixed-ratio effect
Variable-ratio effect
#23
Which of the following is an example of secondary reinforcement?
#24
In the context of operant conditioning, what is a token economy?
A reinforcement schedule where responses are reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses
A form of classical conditioning involving the pairing of two stimuli
A system where desired behaviors are reinforced with tokens that can be exchanged for rewards
The process of learning to respond only to a specific stimulus and not to other similar stimuli
#25
What is the term for the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a delay?
Spontaneous recovery
Stimulus generalization
Stimulus discrimination
Higher-order conditioning