#1
In classical conditioning, what is the term used to describe the process of neutral stimuli becoming associated with a conditioned response?
Acquisition
ExplanationNeutral stimuli becoming associated with a conditioned response.
#2
Which psychologist is famous for the experiment involving a dog and classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationIvan Pavlov conducted the famous dog experiment.
#3
What is the term for the process of learning by observing others' behaviors and the consequences of those behaviors?
Social learning
ExplanationLearning by observing others' behaviors and consequences.
#4
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
Giving a reward
ExplanationRewarding to strengthen or increase behavior.
#5
Which of the following is an example of punishment in operant conditioning?
Administering an electric shock
ExplanationAdministering aversive stimulus to decrease behavior.
#6
What is the term for the process of learning to respond only to a specific stimulus and not to other similar stimuli?
Discrimination
ExplanationLearning to respond to specific stimulus.
#7
In operant conditioning, what is reinforcement?
A process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows
ExplanationStrengthening or increasing the probability of a response.
#8
Which of the following schedules of reinforcement results in the highest rate of response?
Variable-ratio
ExplanationResults in the highest rate of response.
#9
According to operant conditioning principles, what is shaping?
The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
ExplanationTeaching complex behavior through rewarding approximations.
#10
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
Taking painkillers to alleviate a headache
ExplanationRemoving aversive stimulus to increase behavior.
#11
Which reinforcement schedule involves reinforcing a response only after a specified number of responses?
Fixed-ratio
ExplanationReinforcing response after specific number of responses.
#12
What is the term for the process of the conditioned response recurring after a time delay without additional conditioning?
Spontaneous recovery
ExplanationRecurring of conditioned response after time delay.
#13
What is the term for the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus?
Extinction
ExplanationGradual disappearance of a conditioned response.
#14
What is the term for the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction?
Partial reinforcement effect
ExplanationResponse resistance to extinction after partial reinforcement.
#15
Which of the following is an example of secondary reinforcement?
Money
ExplanationMoney as a reward.
#16
In the context of operant conditioning, what is a token economy?
A system where desired behaviors are reinforced with tokens that can be exchanged for rewards
ExplanationReinforcing desired behaviors with tokens exchangeable for rewards.
#17
What is the term for the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a delay?
Spontaneous recovery
ExplanationReturn of extinguished response after delay.