#1
Which term describes the discomfort experienced when holding two conflicting beliefs or attitudes?
Cognitive dissonance
Cognitive harmony
Psychological equilibrium
Mental congruence
#2
Who introduced the concept of cognitive dissonance?
B. F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
Leon Festinger
Jean Piaget
#3
What is the term for the psychological discomfort experienced after making a decision or taking an action?
Post-decision euphoria
Cognitive consonance
Decisional harmony
Post-decision dissonance
#4
Which of the following is NOT a way to reduce cognitive dissonance?
Seeking out information that supports one's beliefs
Changing one's behavior to align with beliefs
Adding new beliefs that justify past actions
Ignoring or avoiding information that contradicts beliefs
#5
Which term refers to the tendency to seek out information that confirms one's pre-existing beliefs?
Confirmation bias
Cognitive dissonance
Selective perception
Availability heuristic
#6
Which of the following is an example of cognitive dissonance in everyday life?
Preferring sweet food despite knowing its health risks
Experiencing happiness after achieving a long-term goal
Enjoying a movie even though critics gave it negative reviews
Studying hard for an exam and feeling confident about the outcome
#7
Which of the following is an example of cognitive dissonance?
Choosing between two equally appealing options
Ignoring information that contradicts your beliefs
Reconciling conflicting beliefs by adjusting one's attitudes
Feeling discomfort after making a decision that contradicts one's beliefs
#8
According to cognitive dissonance theory, which of the following strategies is NOT likely to reduce dissonance?
Changing one's attitude or belief
Seeking reassurance from others
Gaining new information that supports existing beliefs
Minimizing the importance of the conflict
#9
According to Festinger, when is cognitive dissonance most likely to occur?
When the discrepancy between beliefs is small
When the discrepancy between beliefs is large
When there is no discrepancy between beliefs
When beliefs are irrelevant to the situation
#10
Which of the following scenarios is an example of post-decision dissonance?
Feeling confident after making a difficult decision
Experiencing regret after choosing between two similar options
Being unsure about a decision due to lack of information
Feeling content with a decision despite conflicting beliefs
#11
What is the term for the tendency to downplay the importance of conflicting beliefs or behaviors?
Dissonance reduction
Attribution bias
Belief perseverance
Minimalization
#12
Which psychological concept suggests that people rationalize their actions to reduce discomfort?
Self-justification
Motivated reasoning
Attribution theory
Situational attribution
#13
Which psychological principle suggests that individuals may adjust their attitudes to align with their actions?
Self-perception theory
Social learning theory
Attribution theory
Operant conditioning
#14
In which field of psychology is cognitive dissonance theory most commonly applied?
Clinical psychology
Developmental psychology
Social psychology
Cognitive psychology
#15
What is the term for the process of modifying one's beliefs or attitudes to align with their behavior?
Assimilation
Accommodation
Cognitive restructuring
Cognitive consonance
#16
Which psychological theory proposes that individuals are motivated to maintain consistency among their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors?
Self-consistency theory
Cognitive dissonance theory
Consistency theory
Balance theory
#17
In Festinger's original study on cognitive dissonance, participants performed a boring task. What did they do to reduce dissonance?
They convinced themselves the task was enjoyable
They requested a more interesting task
They changed their attitude about the task
They ignored the task's boring nature