#1
Which theory of motivation suggests that individuals are motivated to fulfill their basic needs before moving on to higher-level needs?
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Expectancy Theory
Two-Factor Theory
Equity Theory
#2
Which neurotransmitter is associated with feelings of pleasure and reward?
Serotonin
Dopamine
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
#3
What is the concept of self-efficacy in social psychology?
The belief in one's ability to accomplish specific tasks or goals
The tendency to conform to group norms
The degree of closeness one feels in relationships
The ability to regulate one's emotions
#4
Which term refers to the tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional factors and underestimate the influence of situational factors when explaining other people's behavior?
Actor-Observer Bias
Fundamental Attribution Error
Self-Serving Bias
Confirmation Bias
#5
What is the key difference between prejudice and discrimination?
Prejudice involves negative attitudes toward a group, while discrimination involves unfair treatment based on those attitudes
Prejudice is a conscious decision, while discrimination is unconscious behavior
Prejudice is based on personal experiences, while discrimination is based on societal norms
Prejudice refers to actions, while discrimination refers to thoughts and beliefs
#6
Which concept refers to the tendency to favor information that confirms our preexisting beliefs or hypotheses, while ignoring or discounting contradictory evidence?
Confirmation Bias
Availability Heuristic
Anchoring Bias
Hindsight Bias
#7
Who is known for the development of classical conditioning through experiments with dogs?
John B. Watson
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
Edward Thorndike
#8
Who proposed the concept of operant conditioning, which emphasizes the role of consequences in shaping behavior?
John B. Watson
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
#9
According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, what is the primary developmental task during adolescence?
Trust vs. Mistrust
Integrity vs. Despair
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Generativity vs. Stagnation
#10
Who proposed the Social Learning Theory, which emphasizes the role of observation and modeling in behavior?
Albert Bandura
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
Erik Erikson
#11
What is cognitive dissonance?
A state of mental conflict or discomfort caused by holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes
A psychological disorder
A type of learning through reinforcement
A stage in Erikson's psychosocial development theory
#12
Which term refers to the tendency to attribute our own behavior to external, situational factors while attributing others' behavior to internal, dispositional factors?
Fundamental Attribution Error
Self-Serving Bias
Actor-Observer Bias
Confirmation Bias
#13
What is the bystander effect?
The tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group
The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help a victim when others are present
The tendency to conform to the majority opinion to avoid social rejection
The tendency to attribute success to internal factors and failure to external factors
#14
According to the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), what are the two routes to persuasion?
Central and peripheral routes
Logical and emotional routes
Social and individual routes
Direct and indirect routes
#15
What is the central idea behind the social identity theory proposed by Henri Tajfel?
Individuals strive to maintain consistency among their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors
People categorize themselves and others into in-groups and out-groups, leading to ingroup favoritism
Personality is shaped by unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences
People are motivated to achieve self-actualization and fulfill their potential
#16
What is the primary focus of the field of behavioral economics?
Studying the biological basis of behavior
Examining the influence of culture on behavior
Exploring how cognitive biases affect decision-making
Analyzing the role of personality traits in shaping behavior
#17
What does the theory of planned behavior propose about human behavior?
Behavior is primarily determined by genetics and biology
Attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control influence behavioral intentions and actions
Behavior is shaped by unconscious conflicts and desires
Social learning and observation are the primary drivers of behavior
#18
What is the term for the phenomenon where individuals conform to the group's decision despite privately disagreeing?
Social Facilitation
Groupthink
Deindividuation
Social Loafing
#19
What does the 'mere exposure effect' suggest about human behavior?
Repeated exposure to a stimulus tends to increase liking for that stimulus
People are more likely to conform to a group when they are in a state of emotional arousal
Individuals are more likely to obey authority figures, even when asked to perform morally questionable actions
People tend to attribute their own successes to internal factors and failures to external factors
#20
Which concept suggests that individuals have a tendency to maintain consistency between their beliefs and behaviors?
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Self-Determination Theory
Social Identity Theory
Self-Perception Theory
#21
What does the bystander effect suggest about human behavior in emergency situations?
Individuals are more likely to help when others are present
The presence of others reduces the likelihood of helping behavior
People are more likely to help if the situation is ambiguous
Social norms dictate when and how people should help
#22
In social psychology, what is the term for the tendency to conform to the group's norms in order to fit in and avoid rejection?
Obedience
Deindividuation
Social Influence
Normative Conformity
#23
What does the term 'group polarization' refer to?
The tendency for group discussion to enhance group members' initial leanings toward a particular decision
The tendency for group members to withhold their opinions or concerns
The tendency for groups to make riskier decisions than individuals would make alone
The tendency for group decisions to be more cautious and conservative
#24
What does the Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrate about human behavior?
The power of authority and situational factors in shaping behavior
The effectiveness of punishment in deterring crime
The impact of social norms on individual behavior
The role of genetics in determining personality
#25
In psychology, what does the term 'mood congruence' refer to?
The tendency to remember experiences that are consistent with one's current mood
The influence of culture on emotional expression
The process of adapting to a new environment
The tendency to seek out experiences that are different from one's current mood