#1
Which theory of motivation suggests that individuals are motivated to fulfill their basic needs before moving on to higher-level needs?
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
ExplanationHierarchy of needs; basic needs first.
#2
Which neurotransmitter is associated with feelings of pleasure and reward?
Dopamine
ExplanationPleasure and reward neurotransmitter.
#3
What is the concept of self-efficacy in social psychology?
The belief in one's ability to accomplish specific tasks or goals
ExplanationBelief in own ability to achieve.
#4
Which term refers to the tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional factors and underestimate the influence of situational factors when explaining other people's behavior?
Fundamental Attribution Error
ExplanationOverestimate dispositional, underestimate situational.
#5
What is the key difference between prejudice and discrimination?
Prejudice involves negative attitudes toward a group, while discrimination involves unfair treatment based on those attitudes
ExplanationAttitude vs. action based on attitude.
#6
Which concept refers to the tendency to favor information that confirms our preexisting beliefs or hypotheses, while ignoring or discounting contradictory evidence?
Confirmation Bias
ExplanationPreferring information confirming beliefs.
#7
Who is known for the development of classical conditioning through experiments with dogs?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationClassical conditioning experiments with dogs.
#8
Who proposed the concept of operant conditioning, which emphasizes the role of consequences in shaping behavior?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationConsequences shape behavior.
#9
According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, what is the primary developmental task during adolescence?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
ExplanationDeveloping identity vs. confusion.
#10
Who proposed the Social Learning Theory, which emphasizes the role of observation and modeling in behavior?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationObservation and modeling influence behavior.
#11
What is cognitive dissonance?
A state of mental conflict or discomfort caused by holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes
ExplanationConflicting beliefs cause discomfort.
#12
Which term refers to the tendency to attribute our own behavior to external, situational factors while attributing others' behavior to internal, dispositional factors?
Fundamental Attribution Error
ExplanationAttribute own behavior to situation, others' to disposition.
#13
What is the bystander effect?
The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help a victim when others are present
ExplanationPresence of others reduces likelihood of helping.
#14
According to the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), what are the two routes to persuasion?
Central and peripheral routes
ExplanationCentral route focuses on content, peripheral on cues.
#15
What is the central idea behind the social identity theory proposed by Henri Tajfel?
People categorize themselves and others into in-groups and out-groups, leading to ingroup favoritism
ExplanationCategorizing into groups leads to favoritism.
#16
What is the primary focus of the field of behavioral economics?
Exploring how cognitive biases affect decision-making
ExplanationCognitive biases influence decision-making.
#17
What does the theory of planned behavior propose about human behavior?
Attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control influence behavioral intentions and actions
ExplanationAttitudes, norms, and control influence behavior.
#18
What is the term for the phenomenon where individuals conform to the group's decision despite privately disagreeing?
Groupthink
ExplanationConforming to group decision despite private disagreement.
#19
What does the 'mere exposure effect' suggest about human behavior?
Repeated exposure to a stimulus tends to increase liking for that stimulus
ExplanationRepetition increases liking for stimulus.
#20
Which concept suggests that individuals have a tendency to maintain consistency between their beliefs and behaviors?
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
ExplanationTendency to maintain consistency between beliefs and behaviors.
#21
What does the bystander effect suggest about human behavior in emergency situations?
The presence of others reduces the likelihood of helping behavior
ExplanationOthers' presence reduces likelihood of helping.
#22
In social psychology, what is the term for the tendency to conform to the group's norms in order to fit in and avoid rejection?
Normative Conformity
ExplanationConforming to avoid rejection.
#23
What does the term 'group polarization' refer to?
The tendency for group discussion to enhance group members' initial leanings toward a particular decision
ExplanationGroup discussion intensifies initial leanings.
#24
What does the Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrate about human behavior?
The power of authority and situational factors in shaping behavior
ExplanationAuthority and situation influence behavior.
#25
In psychology, what does the term 'mood congruence' refer to?
The tendency to remember experiences that are consistent with one's current mood
ExplanationRecalling experiences consistent with current mood.