#1
Which of the following is a common symptom of acute kidney injury?
Hypertension
Polyuria
Hyperkalemia
Edema
#2
Which condition is characterized by the formation of kidney stones?
Glomerulonephritis
Polycystic kidney disease
Nephrolithiasis
Pyelonephritis
#3
What is the primary function of the kidneys in the human body?
Regulating blood pressure
Producing insulin
Filtering waste products from the blood
Producing red blood cells
#4
Which of the following is a symptom of nephritic syndrome?
Hyperlipidemia
Proteinuria
Hypertension
Edema
#5
Which renal disorder is commonly associated with the deposition of IgA immune complexes?
Minimal change disease
Membranous nephropathy
IgA nephropathy
Alport syndrome
#6
What is the primary cause of chronic kidney disease worldwide?
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Glomerulonephritis
Polycystic kidney disease
#7
Which of the following is a common cause of acute tubular necrosis?
Excessive fluid intake
Prolonged hypotension
Hypernatremia
Elevated serum potassium
#8
What is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults?
Wilms tumor
Renal cell carcinoma
Transitional cell carcinoma
Renal lymphoma
#9
Which medication is commonly used to slow the progression of diabetic nephropathy?
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Beta-blockers
Diuretics
Calcium channel blockers
#10
Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly associated with renal failure?
Hypernatremia
Hypokalemia
Hypocalcemia
Hyperkalemia
#11
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of nephrotic syndrome?
Hematuria
Hypoalbuminemia
Hypotension
Hypocalcemia
#12
What is a characteristic finding in a patient with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
Hypernatremia
Hyperglycemia
Polyuria unresponsive to vasopressin
Hypokalemia
#13
Which autoimmune disorder is commonly associated with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Rheumatoid arthritis
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Multiple sclerosis
#14
What is the characteristic appearance of the urine in acute tubular necrosis?
Hematuria
Oliguria
Isosthenuria
Brown, muddy casts
#15
Which laboratory finding is characteristic of acute glomerulonephritis?
Elevated creatinine levels
Decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Presence of dysmorphic red blood cells in urine
Increased serum protein levels
#16
What is the hallmark histologic feature of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)?
Presence of immune complex deposits
Diffuse thickening of glomerular basement membrane
Segmental sclerosis and hyalinosis
Proliferation of mesangial cells