#1
Which of the following is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
#2
What is the primary function of the kidneys?
#3
Which type of renal stone is most commonly composed of calcium oxalate?
#4
What is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States?
#5
Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of renal cell carcinoma?
#6
Which of the following drugs is known to cause nephrotoxicity?
#7
Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating sodium and water balance in the body through its action on the kidneys?
#8
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
#9
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of nephrotic syndrome?
#10
What is the primary cause of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?
#11
Which of the following conditions is characterized by the presence of proteinuria, hematuria, and red cell casts in the urine sediment?
#12
Which of the following substances is primarily responsible for the regulation of acid-base balance in the kidneys?
#13