#1
Which of the following is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Hypovolemia
ExplanationInsufficient blood volume leading to decreased kidney perfusion.
#2
What is the primary function of the kidneys?
Filtration of waste products from the blood
ExplanationRemoval of metabolic waste and excess substances from the bloodstream.
#3
Which type of renal stone is most commonly composed of calcium oxalate?
Calcium oxalate stone
ExplanationA common type of kidney stone formed from calcium oxalate crystals.
#4
What is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States?
Diabetes mellitus
ExplanationChronic uncontrolled diabetes can lead to kidney failure.
#5
Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of renal cell carcinoma?
Smoking
ExplanationTobacco smoke is a known risk factor for kidney cancer.
#6
Which of the following drugs is known to cause nephrotoxicity?
Ibuprofen
ExplanationNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) associated with kidney damage.
#7
Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating sodium and water balance in the body through its action on the kidneys?
Aldosterone
ExplanationAldosterone acts on the kidneys to retain sodium and water.
#8
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
Polyuria
ExplanationPolyuria is excessive urine production, not typically seen in CKD.
#9
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of nephrotic syndrome?
Hypoalbuminemia
ExplanationReduced albumin levels in the blood due to increased protein loss in urine.
#10
What is the primary cause of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?
Prolonged hypotension
ExplanationSustained low blood pressure leading to kidney tissue damage.
#11
Which of the following conditions is characterized by the presence of proteinuria, hematuria, and red cell casts in the urine sediment?
Glomerulonephritis
ExplanationInflammation of glomeruli causing kidney dysfunction and characteristic urine findings.
#12
Which of the following substances is primarily responsible for the regulation of acid-base balance in the kidneys?
Bicarbonate ions
ExplanationBicarbonate ions play a key role in maintaining blood pH.
#13
What is the pathophysiological mechanism underlying diabetic nephropathy?
All of the above
ExplanationDiabetic nephropathy involves multiple factors, including glomerular damage, inflammation, and fibrosis.