In the context of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned response (UCR)?
The response that is learned through association
The response that naturally occurs in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus
The response that is reinforced through rewards
The response that occurs after repeated conditioning trials
#2
Which of the following best describes operant conditioning?
Learning through association of stimuli
Learning through reinforcement or punishment of behaviors
Learning through observation and imitation
Learning through mental processes such as memory and attention
#3
What is the term for learning that occurs without direct reinforcement but instead through observing and imitating others' behaviors?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Social learning
Cognitive learning
#4
According to the 'law of effect' proposed by Thorndike, which of the following statements is true?
Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated
Behaviors followed by negative outcomes are more likely to be repeated
Behaviors followed by unpredictable outcomes are more likely to be repeated
Behaviors followed by no outcomes are more likely to be repeated
#5
What is the term for the phenomenon in which a previously extinguished conditioned response reemerges after a period of time?
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
Habituation
#6
Which psychologist is associated with the concept of 'vicarious reinforcement'?
Albert Bandura
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
Edward Thorndike
#7
Who is credited with the concept of 'cognitive map' in the context of learning and behavior?
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
Edward Tolman
John B. Watson
#8
Which psychologist is known for the theory of 'multiple intelligences', proposing that intelligence is not a single, fixed trait but rather a combination of several distinct abilities?