#1
In the context of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned response (UCR)?
The response that naturally occurs in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus
ExplanationUnlearned reaction to a stimulus.
#2
Which of the following best describes operant conditioning?
Learning through reinforcement or punishment of behaviors
ExplanationLearning through consequences of actions.
#3
What is the term for learning that occurs without direct reinforcement but instead through observing and imitating others' behaviors?
Social learning
ExplanationLearning through observation and imitation.
#4
According to the 'law of effect' proposed by Thorndike, which of the following statements is true?
Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated
ExplanationPositive outcomes reinforce behaviors.
#5
What is the term for the phenomenon in which a previously extinguished conditioned response reemerges after a period of time?
Spontaneous recovery
ExplanationSudden reappearance of a response.
#6
Which psychologist is associated with the concept of 'vicarious reinforcement'?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationBandura introduced observational learning.
#7
Who is credited with the concept of 'cognitive map' in the context of learning and behavior?
Edward Tolman
ExplanationMental representation of environment.
#8
Which psychologist is known for the theory of 'multiple intelligences', proposing that intelligence is not a single, fixed trait but rather a combination of several distinct abilities?
Howard Gardner
ExplanationTheory of multiple cognitive abilities.