#1
Which of the following measures of disease frequency is defined as the number of existing cases of a disease in a population at a specified time?
Incidence rate
Prevalence
Relative risk
Odds ratio
#2
Which epidemiological study design is best suited for examining rare diseases or outcomes?
Case-control study
Cross-sectional study
Cohort study
Ecological study
#3
Which of the following is NOT a common measure of central tendency?
#4
Which of the following study designs is most appropriate for investigating the effectiveness of a new medical treatment?
Cohort study
Case-control study
Randomized controlled trial
Cross-sectional study
#5
What is the primary goal of public health interventions?
To treat individual patients
To prevent disease and promote health in populations
To develop new medical technologies
To increase healthcare costs
#6
Which epidemiological study design is most suitable for studying the prevalence of a disease?
Cohort study
Cross-sectional study
Case-control study
Ecological study
#7
What does the term 'Herd Immunity' refer to?
The immunity of a single individual
Immunity obtained through vaccination
The indirect protection from infectious diseases that occurs when a large percentage of a population has become immune to an infection
The immunity of livestock animals
#8
Which statistical measure is used to describe the spread of values in a dataset?
Mean
Median
Variance
Standard deviation
#9
What is the primary purpose of randomization in clinical trials?
To ensure that the treatment groups are comparable
To guarantee that the treatment effect is significant
To reduce the cost of the trial
To eliminate bias from the study
#10
What is the purpose of a 95% confidence interval in epidemiological studies?
To provide a range of values where the true population parameter is likely to lie
To determine statistical significance
To establish causation
To calculate the odds ratio
#11
What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?
An epidemic affects a larger geographical area than a pandemic.
An epidemic affects a larger population than a pandemic.
An epidemic is a sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease within a community or region, while a pandemic is an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents.
There is no difference; the terms are used interchangeably.
#12
Which of the following is a measure of association commonly used in cohort studies?
Odds ratio
Relative risk
Incidence rate
Prevalence ratio
#13
In epidemiology, what is the term for the process of determining the cause of a disease or condition?
Case fatality rate
Mortality rate
Etiology
Pathogenesis
#14
What is the basic reproductive number (R0) in epidemiology?
The number of secondary cases generated from a single primary case in a susceptible population.
The number of individuals who are currently infected with a disease.
The total number of cases in a population at a specific time.
The number of cases of a disease in a given period of time.
#15
What is the main advantage of using relative risk over odds ratio?
Relative risk accounts for confounding variables more effectively.
Relative risk is easier to interpret.
Odds ratio provides a more accurate estimate of risk.
Odds ratio can be calculated for both prospective and retrospective studies.