#1
Which of the following is a basic principle of epidemiology?
Randomization
Placebo effect
Herd immunity
Survival bias
#2
Which of the following is a common vector for the transmission of infectious diseases?
Fomite
Mosquito
Prion
Antibody
#3
Which of the following is an example of a zoonotic disease?
Influenza
Malaria
Tuberculosis
Salmonellosis
#4
Which microbial relationship involves both organisms benefiting from the interaction?
Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
Amensalism
#5
Which statistical measure is used to describe the spread of data in epidemiological studies?
Mean
Median
Standard deviation
Mode
#6
What is the primary goal of microbial ecology?
To develop vaccines
To study microbial diseases
To understand microbial interactions in ecosystems
To identify new antibiotics
#7
In epidemiology, what does the term 'incubation period' refer to?
The time between exposure to a pathogen and the onset of symptoms
The time it takes for an epidemic to peak
The time it takes for a microorganism to multiply in culture
The time it takes for an infection to resolve without treatment
#8
What is the primary focus of analytical epidemiology?
Describing the distribution of diseases in populations
Testing hypotheses about the causes of diseases
Implementing interventions to control disease outbreaks
Monitoring trends in disease incidence
#9
Which measure of association is commonly used in epidemiology to assess the strength of a relationship between an exposure and a disease?
Odds ratio
Relative risk
Attributable risk
Incidence rate
#10
Which epidemiological study design is best suited for investigating rare diseases or outcomes?
Cross-sectional study
Cohort study
Case-control study
Randomized controlled trial
#11
What is the primary factor that distinguishes an epidemic from an endemic disease?
Geographical distribution
Duration and persistence
Mode of transmission
Severity of symptoms
#12
Which microbial relationship is characterized by one organism benefiting while the other is unaffected?
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Amensalism
#13
What is the significance of the R0 (basic reproduction number) in epidemiology?
It represents the number of recovered individuals in a population
It indicates the average number of secondary infections produced by one infected individual
It measures the time it takes for the epidemic curve to reach its peak
It represents the total number of cases in a given population
#14
In microbial ecology, what is the term for the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact?
Conjugation
Transformation
Transduction
Replication
#15
What is the primary role of biofilms in microbial communities?
Enhancing antibiotic resistance
Increasing susceptibility to infections
Reducing genetic diversity
Accelerating microbial decay
#16
What is the purpose of the Koch's postulates in microbiology?
To identify antibiotic resistance
To establish the etiology of infectious diseases
To measure microbial diversity
To assess microbial growth rates
#17
In microbial ecology, what is a keystone species?
A species that dominates a microbial community
A species with no impact on the ecosystem
A species that plays a critical role in maintaining ecosystem stability
A species that causes disease in other organisms