#1
Which of the following is a basic principle of epidemiology?
Herd immunity
ExplanationPopulation resistance to disease through vaccination or previous infection.
#2
Which of the following is a common vector for the transmission of infectious diseases?
Mosquito
ExplanationCommon carrier for transmitting infectious diseases.
#3
Which of the following is an example of a zoonotic disease?
Salmonellosis
ExplanationDisease transmitted from animals to humans.
#4
Which microbial relationship involves both organisms benefiting from the interaction?
Mutualism
ExplanationInteraction where both organisms benefit.
#5
Which statistical measure is used to describe the spread of data in epidemiological studies?
Standard deviation
ExplanationMeasure describing the spread of data in studies.
#6
What is the primary goal of microbial ecology?
To understand microbial interactions in ecosystems
ExplanationStudy of microorganisms' relationships and roles in various environments.
#7
In epidemiology, what does the term 'incubation period' refer to?
The time between exposure to a pathogen and the onset of symptoms
ExplanationInterval from pathogen exposure to symptom manifestation.
#8
What is the primary focus of analytical epidemiology?
Testing hypotheses about the causes of diseases
ExplanationInvestigating and testing hypotheses on disease causes.
#9
Which measure of association is commonly used in epidemiology to assess the strength of a relationship between an exposure and a disease?
Relative risk
ExplanationAssessing the strength of exposure-disease relationship.
#10
Which epidemiological study design is best suited for investigating rare diseases or outcomes?
Case-control study
ExplanationSuitable for investigating rare diseases or outcomes.
#11
What is the primary factor that distinguishes an epidemic from an endemic disease?
Duration and persistence
ExplanationDifference in duration and persistence.
#12
Which microbial relationship is characterized by one organism benefiting while the other is unaffected?
Commensalism
ExplanationOne organism benefits, the other remains unharmed.
#13
What is the significance of the R0 (basic reproduction number) in epidemiology?
It indicates the average number of secondary infections produced by one infected individual
ExplanationAverage secondary infections caused by one infected person.
#14
In microbial ecology, what is the term for the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact?
Conjugation
ExplanationGenetic material transfer through direct cell-to-cell contact.
#15
What is the primary role of biofilms in microbial communities?
Enhancing antibiotic resistance
ExplanationBiofilms contribute to increased antibiotic resistance.
#16
What is the purpose of the Koch's postulates in microbiology?
To establish the etiology of infectious diseases
ExplanationCriteria for determining the cause of infectious diseases.
#17
In microbial ecology, what is a keystone species?
A species that plays a critical role in maintaining ecosystem stability
ExplanationEssential species for maintaining ecosystem stability.