#1
Which of the following best defines classical conditioning?
Learning through consequences
Learning through association
Learning through observation
Learning through trial and error
#2
What is the term for learning by observing others' behaviors and the consequences of those behaviors?
Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
Social learning theory
Behavioral modification
#3
What is the term for the process of gradually reducing the frequency or intensity of a behavior by removing or withholding reinforcement?
Extinction
Punishment
Generalization
Discrimination
#4
What is the term for the process of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response?
Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
Social learning
Pavlovian learning
#5
What is the term for the process of learning that occurs when a previously extinguished response reemerges following the presentation of the conditioned stimulus?
Spontaneous recovery
Stimulus discrimination
Stimulus generalization
Operant conditioning
#6
Who is famously associated with the Little Albert experiment?
John B. Watson
B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Albert Bandura
#7
Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?
#8
What is the term for decreasing the likelihood of a behavior by removing something pleasant?
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
Extinction
#9
Which of the following is NOT a component of the ABC model of behavior?
Antecedent
Behavior
Consequence
Acquisition
#10
What is the process of strengthening a behavior by adding something pleasant or desired?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
#11
Who proposed the concept of operant conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
John B. Watson
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
#12
In operant conditioning, what does the term 'shaping' refer to?
The process of teaching a new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations
The process of extinguishing a previously learned behavior
The process of reinforcing a behavior immediately after it occurs
The process of pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
#13
What does the law of effect state?
Behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened, while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened.
Behaviors followed by negative consequences are strengthened, while behaviors followed by positive consequences are weakened.
Behaviors followed by any consequence are strengthened.
Behaviors followed by any consequence are weakened.
#14
Which of the following best describes a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?
Reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses.
Reinforcement is given after a variable amount of time has passed.
Reinforcement is given after a fixed amount of time has passed.
Reinforcement is given after a variable number of responses.
#15
What does the 'law of effect' state in behavioral psychology?
Behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened, while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened.
Behaviors followed by negative consequences are strengthened, while behaviors followed by positive consequences are weakened.
Behaviors followed by any consequence are strengthened.
Behaviors followed by any consequence are weakened.
#16
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'negative reinforcement'?
Increasing a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus
Decreasing a behavior by removing a pleasant stimulus
Increasing a behavior by adding a pleasant stimulus
Decreasing a behavior by adding an aversive stimulus