#1
Which of the following best defines classical conditioning?
Learning through association
ExplanationLearning through association between a neutral stimulus and a meaningful stimulus, leading to a reflexive response.
#2
What is the term for learning by observing others' behaviors and the consequences of those behaviors?
Social learning theory
ExplanationSocial learning theory explains learning through observation and imitation of others.
#3
What is the term for the process of gradually reducing the frequency or intensity of a behavior by removing or withholding reinforcement?
Extinction
ExplanationExtinction involves diminishing a behavior by removing the reinforcement that maintained it.
#4
What is the term for the process of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response?
Classical conditioning
ExplanationClassical conditioning involves learning through association between stimuli.
#5
What is the term for the process of learning that occurs when a previously extinguished response reemerges following the presentation of the conditioned stimulus?
Spontaneous recovery
ExplanationSpontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished response after a pause.
#6
Who is famously associated with the Little Albert experiment?
John B. Watson
ExplanationJohn B. Watson conducted the Little Albert experiment, demonstrating classical conditioning in humans.
#7
Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?
Food
ExplanationFood serves as a primary reinforcer, satisfying basic biological needs.
#8
What is the term for decreasing the likelihood of a behavior by removing something pleasant?
Negative punishment
ExplanationNegative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus, leading to a decrease in the behavior.
#9
Which of the following is NOT a component of the ABC model of behavior?
Acquisition
ExplanationThe ABC model consists of Antecedent, Behavior, and Consequence, omitting Acquisition.
#10
What is the process of strengthening a behavior by adding something pleasant or desired?
Positive reinforcement
ExplanationPositive reinforcement involves adding a desirable stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
#11
Who proposed the concept of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
ExplanationB.F. Skinner introduced the concept of operant conditioning, focusing on behavior's consequences.
#12
In operant conditioning, what does the term 'shaping' refer to?
The process of teaching a new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations
ExplanationShaping involves reinforcing behaviors that are closer and closer to the desired behavior.
#13
What does the law of effect state?
Behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened, while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened.
ExplanationThe law of effect describes how consequences influence the likelihood of a behavior recurring.
#14
Which of the following best describes a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?
Reinforcement is given after a variable number of responses.
ExplanationIn a variable ratio schedule, reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses.
#15
What does the 'law of effect' state in behavioral psychology?
Behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened, while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened.
ExplanationThe law of effect explains how consequences shape behavior, reinforcing or diminishing it.
#16
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'negative reinforcement'?
Increasing a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus
ExplanationNegative reinforcement strengthens behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus.