Which psychologist is known for classical conditioning experiments involving dogs?
B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Jean Piaget
Sigmund Freud
#2
In operant conditioning, what is reinforcement?
A stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behavior
A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior
A process of punishment
A form of extinction
#3
What is the primary focus of social learning theory?
The role of unconscious desires
The influence of rewards and punishments
Observational learning and modeling
The formation of conditioned responses
#4
According to the principles of cognitive learning theory, which process involves the organization and structuring of information to facilitate understanding?
Reinforcement
Chunking
Extinction
Generalization
#5
What is the process by which a conditioned response is weakened or eliminated when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus?
Generalization
Extinction
Discrimination
Spontaneous recovery
#6
Who proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, suggesting that intelligence is not a single, fixed attribute but instead encompasses various abilities?
Albert Bandura
Howard Gardner
Abraham Maslow
Erik Erikson
#7
Which type of reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction
#8
What is a characteristic of the spacing effect in learning?
Short, intense study sessions are most effective
Cramming before an exam leads to better retention
Distributing study sessions over time enhances long-term retention
Memory is unaffected by the timing of study sessions
#9
What term refers to the tendency to view and interpret new information in a way that confirms preexisting beliefs or hypotheses?
Confirmation bias
Cognitive dissonance
Stereotyping
Hindsight bias
#10
According to the concept of learned helplessness, what happens when individuals perceive that they have no control over a situation?