#1
Which psychologist is known for classical conditioning experiments involving dogs?
Ivan Pavlov
ExplanationPavlov's experiments demonstrated how dogs could be conditioned to associate a bell with food, leading to salivation at the sound of the bell alone.
#2
In operant conditioning, what is reinforcement?
A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior
ExplanationReinforcement strengthens the connection between a behavior and its consequence, making the behavior more likely to occur in the future.
#3
What is the primary focus of social learning theory?
Observational learning and modeling
ExplanationSocial learning theory emphasizes how individuals learn through observing others, imitating behaviors, and modeling.
#4
According to the principles of cognitive learning theory, which process involves the organization and structuring of information to facilitate understanding?
Chunking
ExplanationChunking involves grouping information into smaller, more manageable units to improve memory and comprehension.
#5
What is the process by which a conditioned response is weakened or eliminated when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus?
Extinction
ExplanationExtinction occurs when a learned behavior gradually diminishes or disappears when the reinforcement stops.
#6
Who proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, suggesting that intelligence is not a single, fixed attribute but instead encompasses various abilities?
Howard Gardner
ExplanationGardner's theory suggests that intelligence is diverse, encompassing different modalities like linguistic, logical-mathematical, and spatial abilities.
#7
Which type of reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior?
Negative reinforcement
ExplanationNegative reinforcement strengthens a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus when the behavior occurs.
#8
What is a characteristic of the spacing effect in learning?
Distributing study sessions over time enhances long-term retention
ExplanationThe spacing effect shows that learning is more effective when study sessions are spaced out over time rather than massed together.
#9
What term refers to the tendency to view and interpret new information in a way that confirms preexisting beliefs or hypotheses?
Confirmation bias
ExplanationConfirmation bias leads individuals to seek or interpret information in ways that support their existing beliefs or hypotheses.
#10
According to the concept of learned helplessness, what happens when individuals perceive that they have no control over a situation?
They exhibit passive behavior and give up trying
ExplanationLearned helplessness describes the resignation and passive behavior individuals show when they believe their actions have no effect on outcomes.