#1
Which of the following is an example of anecdotal evidence?
A randomized controlled trial
A peer-reviewed research study
A personal testimonial
A meta-analysis
#2
In scientific research, what does 'peer review' involve?
Publishing in reputable journals
Conducting experiments with colleagues
Having colleagues evaluate and critique research before publication
Collaborating with experts from other fields
#3
Which of the following is an example of primary data?
A newspaper article summarizing a scientific study
A research paper citing multiple studies
Experimental results collected by a researcher
An encyclopedia entry on a topic
#4
Which of the following is an example of quantitative data?
Interview responses
Observations
Height measurements
Case studies
#5
Which of the following is an example of secondary data?
Survey responses collected by a researcher
Experimental results collected by a researcher
Census data collected by a government agency
Interview transcripts
#6
Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific method?
Formulating a hypothesis
Drawing conclusions based on personal beliefs
Testing the hypothesis through experimentation
Analyzing and interpreting data
#7
In statistical analysis, what does p-value signify?
Probability of obtaining the observed results by chance
Population size
Standard deviation
Mean
#8
What is the term used to describe the logical fallacy where one assumes that if one event follows another, the first event must be the cause of the second?
False analogy
Post hoc ergo propter hoc
Appeal to authority
Ad hominem
#9
What is the term used to describe a logical fallacy where one attacks the person making an argument rather than the argument itself?
Straw man
Ad hominem
Appeal to authority
False dilemma
#10
What is the term used for the phenomenon where people seek or interpret evidence in ways that are partial to their existing beliefs?
Confirmation bias
Availability heuristic
Regression toward the mean
Illusory correlation
#11
What is the term used for the phenomenon where a small sample that appears to represent the larger population is used to make conclusions?
Sampling error
Population bias
Selection bias
Sampling bias
#12
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a reliable source of information?
Transparency about methodology
Lack of citations
Publication in peer-reviewed journals
Author with relevant expertise
#13
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for evaluating the reliability of a source?
Credibility of the author
Recency of publication
Corroboration with other sources
Transparency of methodology
#14
What is the purpose of using control groups in experiments?
To provide a baseline for comparison
To manipulate variables
To eliminate bias
To analyze qualitative data