#1
Which of the following is an example of anecdotal evidence?
A personal testimonial
ExplanationIndividual testimony that lacks empirical evidence.
#2
In scientific research, what does 'peer review' involve?
Having colleagues evaluate and critique research before publication
ExplanationSubjecting research to scrutiny by experts in the same field.
#3
Which of the following is an example of primary data?
Experimental results collected by a researcher
ExplanationData collected firsthand by the researcher.
#4
Which of the following is an example of quantitative data?
Height measurements
ExplanationData expressed in numerical terms.
#5
Which of the following is an example of secondary data?
Census data collected by a government agency
ExplanationData collected by others and used by researchers.
#6
Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific method?
Drawing conclusions based on personal beliefs
ExplanationScientific method relies on empirical evidence, not personal beliefs.
#7
In statistical analysis, what does p-value signify?
Probability of obtaining the observed results by chance
ExplanationLikelihood of observing the given results if the null hypothesis is true.
#8
What is the term used to describe the logical fallacy where one assumes that if one event follows another, the first event must be the cause of the second?
Post hoc ergo propter hoc
ExplanationIncorrectly inferring causation from mere temporal succession.
#9
What is the term used to describe a logical fallacy where one attacks the person making an argument rather than the argument itself?
Ad hominem
ExplanationDiscrediting an argument by attacking the person presenting it.
#10
What is the term used for the phenomenon where people seek or interpret evidence in ways that are partial to their existing beliefs?
Confirmation bias
ExplanationTendency to favor information confirming preconceptions.
#11
What is the term used for the phenomenon where a small sample that appears to represent the larger population is used to make conclusions?
Sampling bias
ExplanationError due to biased sample selection not representing the population.
#12
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a reliable source of information?
Lack of citations
ExplanationReliable sources typically provide appropriate citations.
#13
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for evaluating the reliability of a source?
Recency of publication
ExplanationRecent publication date alone does not determine reliability.
#14
What is the purpose of using control groups in experiments?
To provide a baseline for comparison
ExplanationEstablishing a standard for evaluating the effect of the independent variable.