#1
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
A dog salivating at the sound of a bell after associating it with food
A child receiving a sticker for completing homework
A student studying harder after failing a test
A person learning to ride a bicycle through trial and error
#2
According to operant conditioning, what is reinforcement?
A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again
A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again
A process of forgetting
A cognitive process
#3
Which psychologist is associated with the theory of cognitive development?
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
Jean Piaget
Ivan Pavlov
#4
What is the concept of scaffolding in Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?
Providing support and guidance to help individuals learn within their zone of proximal development
Rewarding desired behaviors to increase their occurrence
Using reinforcement to shape behaviors
Learning through observation of others' behaviors
#5
According to the concept of reinforcement schedules, which schedule provides reinforcement after a fixed number of responses?
Fixed Interval
Variable Interval
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
#6
What is the term for the process of modifying existing schemas to accommodate new information?
Assimilation
Accommodation
Equilibration
Adaptation
#7
According to the behaviorist perspective, what is the process by which a behavior gradually disappears due to lack of reinforcement?
Extinction
Generalization
Discrimination
Spontaneous recovery
#8
What is the main idea behind the concept of observational learning?
Learning through reinforcement and punishment
Learning by observing others' behaviors and their consequences
Learning through trial and error
Learning through classical conditioning
#9
According to the social learning theory, what is self-efficacy?
The belief in one's ability to accomplish specific tasks
The reinforcement of desired behaviors
The process of imitation
The cognitive map of the environment
#10
According to the information-processing model, what is the role of short-term memory?
To store information for an extended period
To process and manipulate incoming information
To encode information for long-term storage
To retrieve stored memories
#11
What is the concept of chunking in memory?
The process of forgetting irrelevant information
The process of organizing information into meaningful units
The process of recalling information from long-term memory
The process of encoding information for storage
#12
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which stage is characterized by the ability to think logically about abstract concepts?
Sensorimotor stage
Preoperational stage
Concrete operational stage
Formal operational stage
#13
In the context of memory, what is the term for the inability to recall information that was previously stored?
Amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
Retrograde amnesia
Forgetting
#14
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need must be satisfied first before higher-level needs can be addressed?
Esteem needs
Safety needs
Belongingness and love needs
Physiological needs
#15
What is the concept of shaping in operant conditioning?
The process of gradually refining a behavior by reinforcing successive approximations
The process of extinguishing a behavior by removing reinforcement
The process of learning through observation
The process of associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
#16
Which of the following is an example of implicit memory?
Recalling historical dates and events
Remembering how to ride a bicycle
Reciting a poem from memory
Recalling what you had for breakfast yesterday
#17
According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the primary conflict during adolescence?
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Identity vs. Role Confusion
#18
What is the process by which existing schemas are used to interpret new information?
Accommodation
Assimilation
Adaptation
Equilibration
#19
In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what is the term for the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed?
Object permanence
Conservation
Egocentrism
Scaffolding