#1
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
Learning to ride a bicycle
Salivating at the sound of a bell
Solving a puzzle
Memorizing a list of words
#2
What is the primary focus of behaviorism in the context of learning?
Internal mental processes
Observable behaviors
Cognitive structures
Emotional experiences
#3
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, in which stage do children begin to use language and represent objects through images and symbols?
Sensorimotor stage
Preoperational stage
Concrete operational stage
Formal operational stage
#4
In the context of educational psychology, what does the term 'metacognition' refer to?
The process of understanding and interpreting sensory information
The ability to think about and regulate one's own thinking
The use of punishment to eliminate undesirable behaviors
The influence of genetics on cognitive development
#5
What is the term for the phenomenon where a previously learned response diminishes over time in the absence of reinforcement?
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
#6
Who is known for the development of operant conditioning?
John Watson
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
Sigmund Freud
#7
What is the concept of 'schema' in cognitive psychology?
A mental shortcut
A set of rules for problem-solving
An organized mental framework
A stage in memory consolidation
#8
Who proposed the Social Learning Theory, emphasizing the role of observational learning and modeling?
Jean Piaget
Albert Bandura
Erik Erikson
Lev Vygotsky
#9
In the context of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned response (UCR)?
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus
The initial neutral response
The automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus
The process of generalization
#10
What is the primary idea behind the concept of 'scaffolding' in Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
Providing support and guidance to help a learner advance to a higher level of understanding
Testing a learner's ability to recall information independently
Encouraging competition among learners to enhance performance
Introducing challenging tasks without guidance
#11
Which type of reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction
#12
In the context of learning theories, what does the acronym 'SRL' stand for?
Social Role Learning
Self-Regulated Learning
Stimulus-Response Learning
Symbolic Representation Learning
#13
According to the Information Processing Model, which stage involves the transformation of sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory?
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Attention
#14
What is the primary concept behind the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) in Vygotsky's theory?
The range of tasks a child can perform independently
The difference between actual development and potential development
The impact of reinforcement on learning
The sequence of cognitive stages
#15
In the context of memory, which type of rehearsal involves a shallow processing of information and leads to only temporary retention?
Elaborative rehearsal
Maintenance rehearsal
Selective rehearsal
Deep rehearsal
#16
What is the concept of 'cognitive dissonance' in the context of learning and behavior?
The discomfort caused by holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes
The process of forgetting irrelevant information
The tendency to generalize learning to new situations
The influence of cultural factors on cognitive processes
#17
According to the two-process theory of avoidance learning, what are the two main processes involved?
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
Extinction and spontaneous recovery
Escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning