#1
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
A dog salivating at the sound of a bell after associating it with food
ExplanationAssociation between neutral stimulus and reflex response.
#2
According to operant conditioning, what is reinforcement?
A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again
ExplanationAction consequence that strengthens behavior.
#3
Which psychologist is associated with the theory of cognitive development?
Jean Piaget
ExplanationStages of cognitive development in children.
#4
What is the concept of scaffolding in Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?
Providing support and guidance to help individuals learn within their zone of proximal development
ExplanationAssistance to bridge the gap between current and potential development.
#5
According to the concept of reinforcement schedules, which schedule provides reinforcement after a fixed number of responses?
Fixed Ratio
ExplanationReinforcement after a set number of responses.
#6
What is the term for the process of modifying existing schemas to accommodate new information?
Accommodation
ExplanationAdjusting existing knowledge structures.
#7
According to the behaviorist perspective, what is the process by which a behavior gradually disappears due to lack of reinforcement?
Extinction
ExplanationFading of conditioned response.
#8
What is the main idea behind the concept of observational learning?
Learning by observing others' behaviors and their consequences
ExplanationLearning through imitation and observation.
#9
According to the social learning theory, what is self-efficacy?
The belief in one's ability to accomplish specific tasks
ExplanationBelief in personal capability to perform.
#10
According to the information-processing model, what is the role of short-term memory?
To process and manipulate incoming information
ExplanationTemporary storage and processing of information.
#11
What is the concept of chunking in memory?
The process of organizing information into meaningful units
ExplanationGrouping information to improve memory.
#12
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which stage is characterized by the ability to think logically about abstract concepts?
Formal operational stage
ExplanationAbstract thinking and logical reasoning.
#13
In the context of memory, what is the term for the inability to recall information that was previously stored?
Forgetting
ExplanationInability to retrieve stored information.
#14
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need must be satisfied first before higher-level needs can be addressed?
Physiological needs
ExplanationBasic survival requirements.
#15
What is the concept of shaping in operant conditioning?
The process of gradually refining a behavior by reinforcing successive approximations
ExplanationRewarding closer approximations of target behavior.
#16
Which of the following is an example of implicit memory?
Remembering how to ride a bicycle
ExplanationUnconscious recall of skills or habits.
#17
According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the primary conflict during adolescence?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
ExplanationSearch for personal identity and values.
#18
What is the process by which existing schemas are used to interpret new information?
Assimilation
ExplanationIncorporating new information into existing knowledge.
#19
In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what is the term for the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed?
Object permanence
ExplanationAwareness of object's continued existence.