#1
What is the primary focus of operant conditioning?
Studying reflexes
Observing unconscious processes
Changing behavior through consequences
Analyzing cognitive processes
#2
Which operant conditioning schedule provides reinforcement after a fixed time interval has passed?
Fixed-ratio schedule
Variable-ratio schedule
Fixed-interval schedule
Variable-interval schedule
#3
Who coined the term 'operant conditioning'?
John B. Watson
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
Edward Thorndike
#4
Which schedule of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction?
Fixed-ratio schedule
Variable-ratio schedule
Fixed-interval schedule
Variable-interval schedule
#5
What is the primary difference between positive punishment and negative punishment?
Adding a pleasant stimulus vs. removing an unpleasant stimulus
Adding an unpleasant stimulus vs. removing a pleasant stimulus
Increasing a behavior vs. decreasing a behavior
Rewarding a behavior vs. punishing a behavior
#6
Who is the psychologist associated with the development of operant conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
John Watson
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
#7
What is a positive reinforcement in operant conditioning?
Adding something to decrease a behavior
Removing something to increase a behavior
Adding something to increase a behavior
Removing something to decrease a behavior
#8
What is the concept of shaping in operant conditioning?
Gradually reducing the intensity of a stimulus
Gradually molding and reinforcing closer approximations to a desired behavior
Quickly eliminating an undesired behavior through punishment
Swiftly rewarding any behavior that occurs
#9
Which type of reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction
#10
In operant conditioning, what is the term for the process of learning to respond differently to two similar stimuli?
Generalization
Discrimination
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
#11
What is the key principle behind operant conditioning?
Associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
Associating a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus
Changing behavior through reinforcement or punishment
Creating an automatic response to a specific stimulus
#12
Which term is used to describe the gradual disappearance of a learned behavior in operant conditioning?
Extinction
Reinforcement
Generalization
Discrimination
#13
In operant conditioning, what is a variable-ratio schedule?
Reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses
Reinforcement occurs after a variable number of responses
Reinforcement occurs after a fixed time period
Reinforcement occurs after a variable time period
#14
What is a disadvantage of using punishment in operant conditioning?
It is ineffective in reducing unwanted behaviors
It may lead to the suppression of behavior without addressing the underlying issue
It always produces long-term positive outcomes
It encourages the repetition of undesirable behaviors
#15
In operant conditioning, what is the term for the process of responding to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus?
Generalization
Discrimination
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
#16
Which type of reinforcement occurs when a behavior is followed by the addition of something unpleasant?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction
#17
What is a fixed-ratio schedule in operant conditioning?
Reinforcement occurs after a variable number of responses
Reinforcement occurs after a fixed time period
Reinforcement occurs after a variable time period
Reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses