#1
What is self-concept?
A psychological disorder
The way one sees oneself
A form of cognitive bias
A social norm
#2
According to Carl Rogers, what is the term for an individual's belief about what one is capable of achieving?
Self-concept
Self-esteem
Self-actualization
Self-efficacy
#3
What is the term for the process of reinterpreting past events and experiences in a way that aligns with current attitudes and beliefs?
Cognitive dissonance
Retroactive interference
Selective memory
Memory consolidation
#4
What is the term for the mental shortcut that involves making judgments based on information readily available in memory?
Representativeness heuristic
Availability heuristic
Anchoring bias
Confirmation bias
#5
According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which needs are considered the most basic and must be satisfied before higher-level needs can be addressed?
Esteem needs
Safety needs
Physiological needs
Belongingness and love needs
#6
What is the term for the mental process of organizing and interpreting information from the senses to give it meaning?
Cognition
Perception
Memory
Problem-solving
#7
Which cognitive process is involved in self-concept formation?
Problem-solving
Memory retrieval
Perception
All of the above
#8
What is the 'looking glass self' in social psychology?
A theory about mirror neurons
The concept of self-reflection
The idea that our self-concept is shaped by how others perceive us
A technique for self-awareness
#9
According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, what is the primary task during the adolescence stage?
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
#10
In social identity theory, what does the term 'social categorization' refer to?
The process of defining oneself
The tendency to classify people into groups based on shared characteristics
The evaluation of one's own group
The comparison of oneself to others
#11
What is the primary focus of the social cognitive theory developed by Albert Bandura?
Unconscious processes
Observational learning and modeling
Archetypes and collective unconscious
Cognitive dissonance
#12
According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what is the primary cognitive ability developed during the formal operational stage?
Object permanence
Abstract reasoning
Conservation
Sensorimotor coordination
#13
Which concept, proposed by Carol Dweck, suggests that individuals can have either a fixed mindset or a growth mindset regarding their abilities?
Self-schema
Self-determination theory
Social comparison theory
Mindset theory
#14
In the context of cognitive dissonance theory, what is the term for the discomfort experienced when holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes?
Confirmation bias
Cognitive dissonance
Selective exposure
Social loafing
#15
What is the term for the phenomenon where people tend to conform to the group's decision-making process rather than expressing their individual preferences?
Group polarization
Groupthink
Social facilitation
Deindividuation
#16
In the context of social identity theory, what is the term for the emotional significance and value that a person attaches to their group membership?
Social comparison
Social categorization
Social identity
Social influence
#17
Which psychologist is associated with the concept of 'self-esteem'?
Sigmund Freud
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Albert Bandura
#18
What is the 'self-serving bias' in cognitive processing?
A tendency to overestimate one's own abilities and attribute positive events to internal factors
A strategy for memory enhancement
A form of cognitive dissonance
A defense mechanism
#19
Which cognitive bias is characterized by the tendency to rely on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions?
Confirmation bias
Hindsight bias
Anchoring bias
Availability bias
#20
What is the 'mere exposure effect' in the context of social psychology?
The tendency to prefer familiar stimuli over unfamiliar ones
A form of groupthink
The influence of authority figures
The impact of cultural norms on behavior
#21
According to the self-perception theory proposed by Daryl Bem, how do individuals infer their attitudes and emotions?
Through introspection
Through social comparison
Through direct experience and observation of their own behavior
Through projection
#22
What is the 'fundamental attribution error' in social psychology?
The tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal factors and underestimate situational influences
The inclination to attribute one's success to external factors
The bias in favor of information that confirms preexisting beliefs
The tendency to conform to social norms
#23
What is the term for the tendency to attribute one's success to internal factors and failures to external factors?
Self-serving bias
Fundamental attribution error
Actor-observer bias
Internal-external locus of control
#24
According to Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, what is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
The stage of cognitive development characterized by abstract reasoning
The range of tasks a learner can perform with the help of a more knowledgeable person
The process of assimilation and accommodation
The critical period for language acquisition
#25
According to social exchange theory, what motivates individuals in social interactions?
Altruism
Reciprocity
Conformity
Cognitive dissonance