#1
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
A dog salivating at the sound of a bell
A child learning to ride a bike
A student studying for an exam
A person avoiding touching a hot stove
#2
In operant conditioning, reinforcement involves:
Increasing the likelihood of a behavior
Decreasing the likelihood of a behavior
Neutralizing the effect of a behavior
Punishing a behavior
#3
Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
#4
What is the process of extinction in classical conditioning?
The spontaneous recovery of a conditioned response
The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response
The reinforcement of a conditioned response
The transfer of a conditioned response to a similar stimulus
#5
Which theorist is associated with the concept of observational learning?
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
John B. Watson
#6
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
A child learning to fear dogs after being bitten
A pigeon pecking a button to receive food
A person becoming nauseous at the sight of a certain food
A person flinching at the sound of a loud noise
#7
What is the term for the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus?
Generalization
Discrimination
Habituation
Extinction
#8
Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?
Money
Food
Good grades
Praise
#9
What is the term for the weakening of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent?
Generalization
Spontaneous recovery
Discrimination
Extinction
#10
What is the process through which behavior becomes more or less probable depending on its consequences?
Observational learning
Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
Habituation
#11
Which of the following is an example of a conditioned stimulus?
The sound of a bell
Food
Salivation
Hunger
#12
Who conducted the famous Little Albert experiment?
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
John B. Watson
Albert Bandura
#13
What is an example of negative reinforcement?
A student gets praise for completing homework
A person puts on sunscreen to avoid sunburn
A child's tantrum stops when given a candy
A driver slows down to avoid a speeding ticket
#14
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
The tendency of a response to be extinguished over time
The sudden reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction
The gradual weakening of a conditioned response
The process of generalizing a conditioned response to similar stimuli
#15
In behavior therapy, what is systematic desensitization used for?
To extinguish conditioned responses
To eliminate phobias through gradual exposure
To reinforce desired behaviors
To punish undesirable behaviors
#16
What is the difference between positive punishment and negative punishment?
Positive punishment adds a stimulus, while negative punishment removes a stimulus.
Positive punishment removes a stimulus, while negative punishment adds a stimulus.
Positive punishment strengthens behavior, while negative punishment weakens behavior.
Negative punishment strengthens behavior, while positive punishment weakens behavior.
#17
What is the term for learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change?
Insight learning
Implicit learning
Latent learning
Observational learning
#18
What is the process of acquiring new behavior through observing others known as?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Social learning
Habituation
#19
In operant conditioning, what is punishment?
The addition of a stimulus to decrease a behavior
The removal of a stimulus to decrease a behavior
The addition of a stimulus to increase a behavior
The removal of a stimulus to increase a behavior
#20
What is the term for the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus?
Generalization
Discrimination
Habituation
Extinction
#21
What is the term for the process of gradually reducing the frequency or strength of a conditioned response?
Acquisition
Generalization
Extinction
Discrimination
#22
Which of the following best describes a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?
Reinforcement is delivered after a fixed number of responses
Reinforcement is delivered after a variable number of responses
Reinforcement is delivered after a fixed time interval
Reinforcement is delivered after a variable time interval
#23
What is the term for the reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction?
Generalization
Spontaneous recovery
Discrimination
Extinction
#24
According to operant conditioning, what is shaping?
Rewarding closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior
Punishing unwanted behaviors
Using classical conditioning to elicit a response
Teaching a behavior directly through instruction
#25
Which reinforcement schedule results in the highest rate of response?
Fixed-interval
Variable-interval
Fixed-ratio
Variable-ratio