#1
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
A dog salivating at the sound of a bell
ExplanationAssociation of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus leading to a conditioned response.
#2
In operant conditioning, reinforcement involves:
Increasing the likelihood of a behavior
ExplanationStrengthening a behavior by providing a consequence.
#3
Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
Money
ExplanationA reinforcer that gains value through association with primary reinforcers.
#4
What is the process of extinction in classical conditioning?
The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response
ExplanationDiminishing of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
#5
Which theorist is associated with the concept of observational learning?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationPioneer in social learning theory, emphasizing learning through observation.
#6
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
A pigeon pecking a button to receive food
ExplanationLearning based on consequences of actions.
#7
What is the term for the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus?
Generalization
ExplanationResponding to similar stimuli as if they were the conditioned stimulus.
#8
Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?
Food
ExplanationInnately reinforcing stimuli, satisfying biological needs.
#9
What is the term for the weakening of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent?
Extinction
ExplanationDiminishing of a conditioned response due to lack of reinforcement.
#10
What is the process through which behavior becomes more or less probable depending on its consequences?
Operant conditioning
ExplanationLearning based on the consequences of behavior.
#11
Which of the following is an example of a conditioned stimulus?
The sound of a bell
ExplanationInitially neutral stimulus that, after association, triggers a conditioned response.
#12
Who conducted the famous Little Albert experiment?
John B. Watson
ExplanationDemonstrated classical conditioning and fear response in humans.
#13
What is an example of negative reinforcement?
A driver slows down to avoid a speeding ticket
ExplanationIncreasing behavior by removing an aversive stimulus.
#14
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
The sudden reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction
ExplanationReappearance of a conditioned response after its apparent extinction.
#15
In behavior therapy, what is systematic desensitization used for?
To eliminate phobias through gradual exposure
ExplanationGradually exposing individuals to feared stimuli to reduce fear.
#16
What is the difference between positive punishment and negative punishment?
Positive punishment adds a stimulus, while negative punishment removes a stimulus.
ExplanationAdding an aversive stimulus vs. removing a desired stimulus to decrease behavior.
#17
What is the term for learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change?
Latent learning
ExplanationLearning that becomes apparent only when there's an incentive to demonstrate it.
#18
What is the process of acquiring new behavior through observing others known as?
Social learning
ExplanationLearning through observing others' behaviors and consequences.
#19
In operant conditioning, what is punishment?
The addition of a stimulus to decrease a behavior
ExplanationAdding an aversive stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
#20
What is the term for the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus?
Discrimination
ExplanationAbility to distinguish between conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.
#21
What is the term for the process of gradually reducing the frequency or strength of a conditioned response?
Extinction
ExplanationGradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response.
#22
Which of the following best describes a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?
Reinforcement is delivered after a fixed number of responses
ExplanationReinforcement provided after a set number of responses.
#23
What is the term for the reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction?
Spontaneous recovery
ExplanationSudden reappearance of a conditioned response after its apparent extinction.
#24
According to operant conditioning, what is shaping?
Rewarding closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior
ExplanationReinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior.
#25
Which reinforcement schedule results in the highest rate of response?
Variable-ratio
ExplanationReinforcement provided after an unpredictable number of responses.