#1
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
A dog salivating at the sound of a bell
ExplanationAssociation of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus leading to a conditioned response.
#2
In operant conditioning, reinforcement involves:
Increasing the likelihood of a behavior
ExplanationStrengthening a behavior by providing a consequence.
#3
Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
Money
ExplanationA reinforcer that gains value through association with primary reinforcers.
#4
What is the process of extinction in classical conditioning?
The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response
ExplanationDiminishing of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
#5
Which theorist is associated with the concept of observational learning?
Albert Bandura
ExplanationPioneer in social learning theory, emphasizing learning through observation.
#6
Who conducted the famous Little Albert experiment?
John B. Watson
ExplanationDemonstrated classical conditioning and fear response in humans.
#7
What is an example of negative reinforcement?
A driver slows down to avoid a speeding ticket
ExplanationIncreasing behavior by removing an aversive stimulus.
#8
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
The sudden reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction
ExplanationReappearance of a conditioned response after its apparent extinction.
#9
In behavior therapy, what is systematic desensitization used for?
To eliminate phobias through gradual exposure
ExplanationGradually exposing individuals to feared stimuli to reduce fear.
#10
What is the difference between positive punishment and negative punishment?
Positive punishment adds a stimulus, while negative punishment removes a stimulus.
ExplanationAdding an aversive stimulus vs. removing a desired stimulus to decrease behavior.
#11
According to operant conditioning, what is shaping?
Rewarding closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior
ExplanationReinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior.
#12
Which reinforcement schedule results in the highest rate of response?
Variable-ratio
ExplanationReinforcement provided after an unpredictable number of responses.