#1
Which of the following is a primary source of oxygen for the fetus?
Placenta
Amniotic fluid
Umbilical cord
Fetal lungs
#2
What is the primary mechanism by which oxygen is transported in fetal blood?
Dissolved in plasma
Bound to hemoglobin
Bound to carbon dioxide
Transported by platelets
#3
Which fetal heart structure allows blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation?
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus
Atrioventricular septum
Chordae tendineae
#4
What is the primary function of the fetal kidneys before birth?
Filtering waste products from the blood
Producing urine to regulate amniotic fluid volume
Maintaining electrolyte balance
Supporting fetal growth
#5
What is the primary function of fetal urine in the amniotic fluid?
Regulating fetal body temperature
Providing nourishment to the fetus
Facilitating fetal lung development
Maintaining amniotic fluid volume and composition
#6
What is the main function of fetal hemoglobin (HbF)?
Facilitates fetal lung development
Enhances oxygen transfer across the placenta
Supports fetal brain development
Aids in fetal bone development
#7
Which hormone is responsible for maintaining the patency of the fetal ductus arteriosus?
Insulin
Estrogen
Progesterone
Prostaglandin E2
#8
During which trimester does fetal lung development primarily occur?
First trimester
Second trimester
Third trimester
Throughout the entire pregnancy
#9
What is the role of surfactant in fetal lung development?
Promotes alveolar collapse
Facilitates lung expansion and prevents collapse
Inhibits oxygen diffusion
Triggers lung inflammation
#10
Which structure connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava in fetal circulation?
Foramen ovale
Ductus venosus
Ductus arteriosus
Ligamentum teres hepatis
#11
What is the purpose of the ductus venosus in fetal circulation?
To bypass the fetal liver
To oxygenate fetal blood
To bypass the fetal lungs
To deliver oxygenated blood to the fetal brain
#12
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of fetal bilirubin to its water-soluble form?
Uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase (UDPGT)
Lecithinase
Alkaline phosphatase
Biliverdin reductase
#13
What is the term for the process by which fetal red blood cells are destroyed in the spleen and liver?
Hemolysis
Erythropoiesis
Hematopoiesis
Anemia
#14
Which hormone is responsible for maintaining the integrity of the fetal ductus arteriosus during pregnancy?
Oxytocin
Estrogen
Progesterone
Thyroxine
#15
What is the main function of fetal brown fat (brown adipose tissue)?
Regulating body temperature
Supporting fetal bone development
Facilitating gas exchange
Producing hormones for fetal growth