#1
Which of the following is a measure of association used in epidemiology?
Standard deviation
Odds ratio
Median
Variance
#2
What is the primary purpose of epidemiological surveillance?
To track changes in population size
To monitor disease occurrence and spread
To provide medical treatment
To promote healthy behaviors
#3
Which of the following is a common measure of disease frequency?
Sensitivity
Specificity
Prevalence
Positive predictive value
#4
What does the term 'herd immunity' refer to in epidemiology?
The immunity of livestock to infectious diseases
The immunity of a group or community to a particular disease
The immunity of an individual to a disease
The rapid spread of a disease within a population
#5
Which of the following is an example of a vector-borne disease?
Influenza
Tuberculosis
Malaria
Diabetes
#6
Which of the following is NOT a determinant of health according to the World Health Organization (WHO)?
Income and social status
Education
Access to healthcare
Genetic predisposition
#7
In epidemiology, what does 'incidence rate' measure?
The number of existing cases in a population at a specific time
The proportion of individuals with a disease at a given point in time
The risk of developing a new case of a disease over a specified period
The total number of deaths in a population
#8
Which of the following is NOT a type of epidemiological study design?
Randomized controlled trial
Case-control study
Cohort study
Observational study
#9
What is the basic reproduction number (R0) in epidemiology?
The number of deaths caused by a disease
The average number of secondary infections produced by a single infected individual
The proportion of the population that is immune to a disease
The number of cases of a disease at a particular point in time
#10
What is the purpose of randomization in a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?
To ensure blinding of participants
To reduce bias and confounding variables
To guarantee equal representation of all demographic groups
To ensure the intervention is administered consistently
#11
What is the primary difference between prevalence and incidence in epidemiology?
Prevalence measures the number of new cases, while incidence measures the total number of cases.
Prevalence measures the total number of cases, while incidence measures the number of new cases.
Prevalence measures the number of cases at a specific point in time, while incidence measures the number of cases over a period of time.
Prevalence measures the proportion of the population affected, while incidence measures the probability of getting the disease.
#12
Which of the following is a common measure of association used in cohort studies?
Odds ratio
Relative risk
Hazard ratio
Attributable risk
#13
What does the 'p-value' indicate in epidemiological studies?
The size of the population being studied
The probability of observing the results if the null hypothesis is true
The number of participants in the study
The effect size of the intervention
#14
What is the difference between sensitivity and specificity in diagnostic testing?
Sensitivity measures true positive rate, while specificity measures true negative rate
Sensitivity measures false positive rate, while specificity measures false negative rate
Sensitivity measures the strength of association, while specificity measures the magnitude of effect
Sensitivity measures the likelihood of a Type I error, while specificity measures the likelihood of a Type II error
#15
What does 'confounding' refer to in epidemiological research?
The presence of an extraneous variable that distorts the true relationship between exposure and outcome
The correlation between two variables due to chance alone
The bias introduced by the researcher's expectations or beliefs
The systematic error introduced by flaws in the study design
#16
What is the purpose of sensitivity analysis in epidemiological modeling?
To evaluate the model's ability to predict future disease trends
To assess the model's performance under different scenarios and assumptions
To determine the accuracy of the model's parameters
To compare the model's results with observational data